ArticleFrontiers in oncology2021
Impact of Smoking History on Response to Immunotherapy in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 49 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
49 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Soluble immune checkpoints in lung cancer: linking prognostic signatures to immunotherapy response - a meta-analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Impact of Smoking on Response to the First-Line Treatment of Advanced ALK-Positive Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Smoking Status and Survival in Patients With Early-Stage Primary Cutaneous Melanoma.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Prediction of Disease Progression to Upfront Pembrolizumab Monotherapy in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with High PD-L1 Expression Using Baseline CT Disease Quantification and Smoking Pack Years.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2023Trial
- CT radiomics machine learning for predicting treatment response in unresectable stage III-IV NSCLC: insights from dual chemo-immunotherapy and immunotherapy cohorts.La Radiologia medica · 2026Article
- Clinical attribute-based risk matrix for prognostication in immunotherapy-treated non-small cell lung cancer.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy: A Real-World Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Differential Treatment Effects by Smoking Status for NSCLC Therapies (2010-2023): A Meta-Analysis.JTO clinical and research reports · 2026Article
- Prognostic nomogram for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer in the immunotherapy era: a multicenter study of first-line platinum-etoposide with or without a PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor.Translational lung cancer research · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer: real-world incidence and management practices of 208 patients.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Article
- Prevalence of PD-1 Inhibitor-Associated Peripheral Neuropathy: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Multi-omics analysis reveals differential benefits of immunotherapy±chemotherapy based on detailed smoking history in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Final 3-year results from the EVIDENS study, an observational study of nivolumab in non-small cell lung cancer.Oncoimmunology · 2025Observational
- Real-world perioperative outcomes of neoadjuvant chemoimmunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer.JTCVS open · 2025Article
- Impact of smoking on the effectiveness of different non-small-cell lung cancer therapies.Translational cancer research · 2025Review
- Exploring the Impact of TP53 Mutation and Wild-Type Status on the Efficacy of Immunotherapy in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Of Context, Quality, and Complexity: Fine-Combing Tumor Mutational Burden in Immunotherapy-Treated Cancers.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2025Review
- The impact of smoking on nivolumab outcomes in renal cell carcinoma: real-world data from the Turkish Oncology Group Kidney Cancer Consortium.The oncologist · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo evaluate the impact of smoking history on the clinical benefit of immunotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
methodsTwenty-three randomized clinical trials and seven real-world studies were included in this meta-analysis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and odds ratios for the overall response rate (ORR) were extracted. A fixed-effects or random-effects model was applied to obtain pooled estimates.
resultsData from 16 high-quality trials involving 10,643 NSCLC patients receiving either immunotherapy or chemotherapy/placebo enabled direct comparison of the survival impact of smoking. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1/CTLA-4 immunotherapy was found to significantly prolong OS and PFS as compared to chemotherapy/placebo in smokers (HR for OS, 0.76 [0.69-0.83], P<0.00001; HR for PFS, 0.65 [0.56-0.75], P<0.00001), and these trends were less or not significant in non-smokers (HR for OS, 0.91 [0.78-1.06], P=0.25; HR for PFS, 0.68 [0.45-1.03], P=0.07). Consistent results were obtained for the first-line or second/third-line use of immunotherapy and for non-squamous NSCLC patients only. Furthermore, the data from 7 trials and 7 real-world studies involving 4,777 patients receiving immunotherapy allowed direct comparison of therapeutic outcomes between smokers and non-smokers. Prolonged OS (HR 0.86 [0.75-0.99], P=0.04) and PFS (HR 0.69 [0.60-0.81], P<0.0001) and a higher response rate (ORR 1.20 [0.94-1.53], P=0.15) were observed in smokers compared to non-smokers receiving immunotherapy.
conclusionsImmunotherapy was found to have a greater benefit in NSCLC patients with a smoking history than in those who had never smoked.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.