ArticleNature2021
Cells of the human intestinal tract mapped across space and time.
Article in Nature, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 439 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
439 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 664 citations in OpenAlex.
- Investigating the shared genetic architecture between selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and autoimmune diseases.Human genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Upper-gastrointestinal tract metabolite profile regulates glycaemic and satiety responses to meals with contrasting structure: a pilot study.Nature metabolism · 2025Trial
- Using In Silico Pseudobulk Differential Expression and Trajectory Analysis of Single Cell RNA Sequencing to Reveal Stem Cell State Transitions in Colonic Inflammation.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2027Article
- Article
- Notch receptors involved in the choice between intestinal secretory and enterocytes and differentiation of Bestrophin4 cells.Developmental biology · 2026Article
- Regional organization of nutrient absorption across the small intestine.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Single-cell analysis of chromatin accessibility in the human intestine identifies regulatory programs and clarifies genetic associations in Crohn's disease.Nature genetics · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal single-cell profiling reveals T cell clonal dynamics and phenotypic plasticity in human graft-versus-host disease.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Persistence of mucosal CAR-T cells and inflammatory remodeling in enterocolitis associated with BCMA CAR-T cell therapy.Nature medicine · 2026Article
- An integrated spatially defined roadmap of normal and cancer-associated colon fibroblasts.Molecular systems biology · 2026Article
- Pervasive tissue specificity of driver genes revealed by mutational analysis of 265 cancer types.iScience · 2026Article
- Long Noncoding RNANon-coding RNA · 2026Article
- LIGER2: Scalable Single-Cell Integration with On-Disk Datasets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Endoscopic Application of GM-CSF, Fosfomycin, and Metronidazole in Pouchitis, a Phase I Safety and Pilot Study.Digestive diseases and sciences · 2026Article
- Subtypes of Enteric Neurons in Hirschsprung Disease: A Comparison of Fully Ganglionic and Transitional Zone.Neurogastroenterology and motility · 2026Article
- Endothelial cell-intrinsic NOD2 signaling regulates the intestinal immune response through the generation of effector and memory T cells.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Peyer's patch M cells organize an epithelial niche that sustains group 3 innate lymphoid cells and IL-22.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Cystic Fibrosis and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Reprogramming of the Intestinal Epithelial Niche and Cell-State Plasticity in the CFTR Modulator Era.Cell proliferation · 2026Review
379 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
43 authors at 11 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The cellular landscape of the human intestinal tract is dynamic throughout life, developing in utero and changing in response to functional requirements and environmental exposures. Here, to comprehensively map cell lineages, we use single-cell RNA sequencing and antigen receptor analysis of almost half a million cells from up to 5 anatomical regions in the developing and up to 11 distinct anatomical regions in the healthy paediatric and adult human gut. This reveals the existence of transcriptionally distinct BEST4 epithelial cells throughout the human intestinal tract. Furthermore, we implicate IgG sensing as a function of intestinal tuft cells. We describe neural cell populations in the developing enteric nervous system, and predict cell-type-specific expression of genes associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Finally, using a systems approach, we identify key cell players that drive the formation of secondary lymphoid tissue in early human development. We show that these programs are adopted in inflammatory bowel disease to recruit and retain immune cells at the site of inflammation. This catalogue of intestinal cells will provide new insights into cellular programs in development, homeostasis and disease.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.