ArticleBMJ open2021
Long-term exposure to particulate air pollution and black carbon in relation to natural and cause-specific mortality: a multicohort study in Sweden.
Article in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Air pollution and cause-specific mortality in EU: a review integrating meta-analysis and meta-regression.Scientific reports · 2026Pooled it
- Long-term exposure to particulate matter from road traffic and residential heating and mortality: a multi-cohort study in Sweden.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Past exposure to PM10 and lung cancer risk in the EAGLE case-control study.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Air pollution and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the effects of air pollution, including bushfire smoke, on cardiovascular disease.American heart journal plus : cardiology research and practice · 2025Article
- Black Carbon Air Pollution and Incident Mortality Among the Advance-Aged Adults in China: A Prospective Cohort Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2025Article
- Individual and joint exposures to PMScience China. Life sciences · 2024Article
- Article
- Impact of long-range transport on black carbon source contribution and optical aerosol properties in two urban environments.Heliyon · 2023Article
- Benefits of future clean air policies in Europe: Proposed analyses of the mortality impacts of PMEnvironmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2022Article
- Using Distributed Lag Non-Linear Models to Estimate Exposure Lag-Response Associations between Long-Term Air Pollution Exposure and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Near-Source Risk Functions for Particulate Matter Are Critical When Assessing the Health Benefits of Local Abatement Strategies.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 8 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo estimate concentration-response relationships for particulate matter (PM) and black carbon (BC) in relation to mortality in cohorts from three Swedish cities with comparatively low pollutant levels.
settingCohorts from Gothenburg, Stockholm and Umeå, Sweden.
designHigh-resolution dispersion models were used to estimate annual mean concentrations of PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) and ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5), and BC, at individual addresses during each year of follow-up, 1990-2011. Moving averages were calculated for the time windows 1-5 years (lag1-5) and 6-10 years (lag6-10) preceding the outcome. Cause-specific mortality data were obtained from the national cause of death registry. Cohort-specific HRs were estimated using Cox regression models and then meta-analysed including a random effect of cohort.
participantsDuring the study period, 7 340 cases of natural mortality, 2 755 cases of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and 817 cases of respiratory and lung cancer mortality were observed among in total 68 679 individuals and 689 813 person-years of follow-up.
resultsBoth PM10 (range: 6.3-41.9 µg/m
conclusionThe results support an effect of long-term air pollution on natural mortality and mortality in CVD with high relative risks also at low exposure levels. These findings are relevant for future decisions concerning air quality policies.
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Registered trials
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