ArticleBMC psychiatry2021
Risk and protective factors of depression in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in Korea.
Article in BMC psychiatry, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Daily routine disruptions and psychiatric symptoms amid COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from 0.9 million individuals in 32 countries.BMC medicine · 2024Pooled it
- The Association of Social Support and Loneliness with Symptoms of Depression, Anxiety, and Posttraumatic Stress during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 pandemic effects on health worker's mental health: Systematic review and meta-analysis.European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2022Pooled it
- Analysis of COVID-19-Related Influencing Variables and Post-Traumatic Growth Differences Depending on the Type of Depressive Symptoms Using Latent Profile Analysis.Psychiatry investigation · 2026Article
- Factors Associated with Acute and Persistence of Depressive Symptoms among the General Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea: An Online Longitudinal Survey Study.Chonnam medical journal · 2026Article
- Interpretable machine learning for classification and risk factor identification of anxiety, depression, and insomnia symptoms after the full opening of China's COVID-19 lockdown.BMC psychiatry · 2025Article
- The Role of Knowledge and Personal Experience in Shaping Stigma Associated With COVID-19 and Mental Illness.Psychiatry investigation · 2025Article
- Association between Changes in Daily Life Due to COVID-19 and Depressive Symptoms in South Korea.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The Effect of Fear of COVID-19 Infection and Anxiety on Loneliness: Moderated Mediation Effects of Gratitude.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- COVID and depression among stratified population groups: a narrative review.European journal of medical research · 2023Review
- Psychological and Personality Characteristics Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination Behavior in Korean General Population.Journal of Korean medical science · 2023Article
- Trends in emergency department visits for suicide attempts before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A nationwide study, 2016-2021.Journal of affective disorders · 2023Article
- Association of Perceived Stress With Depression Among Vaccinated Healthcare Workers During the SARS-CoV-2 Variant Outbreak: The Mediating Role of Compassion Fatigue.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
- The Association of Acute Signs and Symptoms of COVID-19 and Exacerbation of Depression and Anxiety in Patients With Clinically Mild COVID-19: Retrospective Observational Study.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Observational
- Differences in central symptoms of anxiety and depression between college students with different academic performance: A network analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Article
- COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and related behavioral and psychological characteristics in individuals with mental disorders in Korea.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2023Article
- Changes in mental health service utilization before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide database analysis in Korea.Epidemiology and health · 2023Article
- Factors Associated With Depression and Anxiety in Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Psychiatry investigation · 2022Article
- Development of a Checklist for Predicting Suicidality Based on Risk and Protective Factors: The Gwangju Checklist for Evaluation of Suicidality.Psychiatry investigation · 2022Article
- Psychological health, wellbeing and COVID-19: Comparing previously infected and non-infected South African employees.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe risk of depression has risen in the general population during the COVID-19 epidemic. This study was conducted to explore risk and protective factors associated with depression among the general population uninfected by COVID-19.
methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 1,500 representative South Korean citizens aged 19-65 years through an anonymous online survey. Depression was defined as a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score of 10 or higher. Other questionnaires included one measuring psycho-behavioural and social changes, and stress, due to COVID-19, a six-item version of the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), and a three-item version of the UCLA loneliness scale.
resultsOf the 1492 participants not infected by COVID-19, 312 (20.9%) exhibited depression. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that depression was positively associated with COVID-19-related stress and psycho-behavioural variables such as disturbances in eating and sleeping, younger age, smoking, underlying mental illness, and loneliness scale scores. In contrast, exercise three or more times per week and GQ-6 scale scores were inversely associated with depression.
conclusionDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, maintaining daily routines including eating, sleeping, and regular exercise and focusing on gratitude may be important for the prevention of depression. In addition, more attention should be paid to vulnerable populations, including young people, those with mental illnesses, and smokers, who might be more susceptible to depression.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.