ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2021
Covid-19 Vaccine Effectiveness and the Test-Negative Design.
Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 105 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
105 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2024Pooled it
- Uncovering associations between pre-existing conditions and COVID-19 Severity: A polygenic risk score approach across three large biobanks.PLoS genetics · 2023Pooled it
- Validating and leveraging non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory infection as a negative control outcome in a phase 3 COVID-19 vaccine trial with extended observational follow-up.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Trial
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness in Malawi: evaluation of a test-negative design using randomised, controlled clinical trial data.The Lancet. Global health · 2023Trial
- The effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and the added benefit of booster doses in Hessen, Germany, during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a vaccinated-only study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- 2024-2025 COVID-19 Vaccine and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among US Veterans.JAMA internal medicine · 2026Article
- Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-negative Design Studies with Survival Models.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Statistical methods for estimating the protective effects of immune markers using test-negative designs.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Proposed study design for estimating COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness in post-pandemic Taiwan.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2026Article
- Influenza Antibody Levels Associated with Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza in a Test-Negative Study Design, US Flu VE Network, November 2018-May 2019.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- A Test-Negative Design for Immune Correlates Approximates a Traditional Exposure-Proximal Design but Requires Far Fewer Blood Samples.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Improving Assessment of Vaccine Effectiveness by Coupling Test-Negative Design Studies with Survival Models.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Against Severe Outcomes Among Adults Hospitalized with COVID-19 from May 2021 to January 2023.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Durability of protection of ancestral-strain COVID-19 third- and fourth-dose vaccine boosters against Omicron XBB/XBB.1 and JN.1 symptomatic infection, hospitalisation and mortality in Indonesian adults (2023-2024): a test-negative case-control study.The Lancet regional health. Southeast Asia · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and infant outcomes in the first year of life: a retrospective cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Over- and under-estimation of vaccine effectiveness.BMC medical research methodology · 2025Article
- Article
- Early-Life Exposure to Acid-Suppressive Therapy and the Development of Celiac Disease Autoimmunity.JAMA network open · 2025Observational
- Potential biases in test-negative design studies of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness arising from the inclusion of asymptomatic individuals.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- A Double Machine Learning Approach for the Evaluation of COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness Under the Test-Negative Design: Analysis of Québec Administrative Data.Statistics in medicine · 2025Article
45 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Comment on
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
PubMed holds no abstract for this paper.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.