Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34496194›Full record

ArticleThe New England journal of medicine2021

Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines in Ambulatory and Inpatient Care Settings.

Mark G Thompson, Edward Stenehjem, Shaun Grannis, Sarah W Ball, Allison L Naleway, Toan C Ong, Malini B DeSilva, Karthik Natarajan, Catherine H Bozio, Ned Lewis and 34 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The New England journal of medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 313 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
313citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

313 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  18. [Performance of prognostic scores during the first and second waves of COVID-19 pneumonia]Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Medicas (Cordoba, Argentina) · 2026
    Article
  19. Article
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253 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

44 authors.

Mark G ThompsonFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Edward StenehjemFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Shaun GrannisFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Sarah W BallFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Allison L NalewayFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Toan C OngFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Malini B DeSilvaFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Karthik NatarajanFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Catherine H BozioFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).ORCID 0000-0001-6566-7138
Ned LewisFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Kristin DascombFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Brian E DixonFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Rebecca J BirchFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Stephanie A IrvingFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Suchitra RaoFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Elyse KharbandaFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Jungmi HanFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Sue ReynoldsFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Kristin GoddardFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Nancy GriselFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
William F FadelFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Matthew E LevyFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Jill FerdinandsFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Bruce FiremanFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Julie ArndorferFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Nimish R ValviFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Elizabeth A RowleyFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Palak PatelFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Ousseny ZerboFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Eric P GriggsFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Rachael M PorterFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Maria DemarcoFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Lenee BlantonFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Andrea SteffensFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Yan ZhuangFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Natalie OlsonFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Michelle BarronFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Patricia ShifflettFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Stephanie J SchragFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Jennifer R VeraniFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Alicia FryFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Manjusha GaglaniFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Eduardo Azziz-BaumgartnerFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).
Nicola P KleinFrom the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 Response Team, Atlanta (M.G.T., C.H.B., S. Reynolds, J.F., P.P., E.P.G., R.M.P., L.B., A.S., N.O., S.J.S., J.R.V., A.F., E.A.-B.); the Division of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Epidemiology, Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City (E.S., K.D., N.G., J.A.); the Center for Biomedical Informatics, Regenstrief Institute (S.G., B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.), Indiana University School of Medicine (S.G.), and Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health (B.E.D., W.F.F., N.R.V.) - all in Indianapolis; Westat, Rockville, MD (S.W.B., R.J.B., M.E.L., E.A.R., M.D., Y.Z., P.S.); the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, OR (A.L.N., S.A.I.); the Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora (T.C.O., S. Rao, M.B.); HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis (M.B.D., E.K.); the Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (K.N., J.H.), and New York-Presbyterian Hospital (K.N.) - both in New York; the Vaccine Study Center, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland (N.L., K.G., B.F., O.Z., N.P.K.); and Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX (M.G.).

Funding

NCIRD CDC HHS 75D30120C07765NCIRD CDC HHS 75D30120C07986
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThere are limited data on the effectiveness of the vaccines against symptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) currently authorized in the United States with respect to hospitalization, admission to an intensive care unit (ICU), or ambulatory care in an emergency department or urgent care clinic.

methodsWe conducted a study involving adults (≥50 years of age) with Covid-19-like illness who underwent molecular testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). We assessed 41,552 admissions to 187 hospitals and 21,522 visits to 221 emergency departments or urgent care clinics during the period from January 1 through June 22, 2021, in multiple states. The patients' vaccination status was documented in electronic health records and immunization registries. We used a test-negative design to estimate vaccine effectiveness by comparing the odds of a positive test for SARS-CoV-2 infection among vaccinated patients with those among unvaccinated patients. Vaccine effectiveness was adjusted with weights based on propensity-for-vaccination scores and according to age, geographic region, calendar time (days from January 1, 2021, to the index date for each medical visit), and local virus circulation.

resultsThe effectiveness of full messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccination (≥14 days after the second dose) was 89% (95% confidence interval [CI], 87 to 91) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization, 90% (95% CI, 86 to 93) against infection leading to an ICU admission, and 91% (95% CI, 89 to 93) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. The effectiveness of full vaccination with respect to a Covid-19-associated hospitalization or emergency department or urgent care clinic visit was similar with the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines and ranged from 81% to 95% among adults 85 years of age or older, persons with chronic medical conditions, and Black or Hispanic adults. The effectiveness of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was 68% (95% CI, 50 to 79) against laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to hospitalization and 73% (95% CI, 59 to 82) against infection leading to an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit.

conclusionsCovid-19 vaccines in the United States were highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring hospitalization, ICU admission, or an emergency department or urgent care clinic visit. This vaccine effectiveness extended to populations that are disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection. (Funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).

Indexed as

COVID-19 Vaccines2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273Ad26COVS1AgedAged, 80 and overAmbulatory CareBNT162 VaccineCOVID-19FemaleHospitalizationHumansIntensive Care UnitsMaleMiddle AgedPatient ReadmissionUnited States2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273Ad26COVS1BNT162 VaccineCOVID-19 Vaccines

Identifiers

PMID34496194
PMCPMC8451184

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.