ArticleNature genetics2021
Sex differences in genetic architecture in the UK Biobank.
Article in Nature genetics, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 110 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
110 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Genome-wide association and multi-omics analyses provide insights into the disease mechanisms of central serous chorioretinopathy.Scientific reports · 2025Pooled it
- Sex-specific and polygenic effects underlying resting heart rate and associated risk of cardiovascular disease.European journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Pooled it
- Better together against genetic heterogeneity: A sex-combined joint main and interaction analysis of 290 quantitative traits in the UK Biobank.PLoS genetics · 2024Pooled it
- Implicating genes, pleiotropy, and sexual dimorphism at blood lipid loci through multi-ancestry meta-analysis.Genome biology · 2022Pooled it
- Sex-Dependent Effects of CYP2D6 on the Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Humans.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2025Trial
- GeneSIS: enhancing transferability of polygenic scores with variant-level gene-by-sex interaction effects.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Genetic trade-offs in fertility and longevity explain the maintenance of disease-associated alleles in humans.Nature ecology & evolution · 2026Article
- Evaluating a Genome-Wide Polygenic Score for Handgrip Strength and Its Interplay with Leisure-Time Physical Activity Across the IGEMS Twin Cohorts.Medicine and science in sports and exercise · 2026Article
- Determinants of functional burden pleiotropy and gene dosage responses across human traits.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Genetic perspectives on the comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders with cardiovascular disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026Review
- Characterizing the Uncertainty, Misclassification and Inconsistency of Polygenic Prediction.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Associations of 6600 SomaScan proteins with demographic, lifestyle, environmental and health characteristics in Chinese adults.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Widespread and Biologically Driven Sex Disparities in Polygenic Risk Prediction Across Complex Traits.Research square · 2026Article
- Chromosome-specific drift under stabilizing selection generates polygenic barriers to sex chromosome turnover.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex and the Developmental Environment Shape Molecular Networks Underlying Bronchial Responsiveness in Mice.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Causal effect heterogeneity estimation using summary statistics.Research square · 2026Article
- ProteoNexus: an integrative database to characterize genetic architecture, estimate mediation effects, and construct and evaluate prediction models of the plasma proteome.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Personality Genomics.Annual review of psychology · 2026Review
- Personalized polygenic profiling based on the genetic architecture of lipid metabolism in the Russian population.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Article
50 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Males and females present differences in complex traits and in the risk of a wide array of diseases. Genotype by sex (GxS) interactions are thought to account for some of these differences. However, the extent and basis of GxS are poorly understood. In the present study, we provide insights into both the scope and the mechanism of GxS across the genome of about 450,000 individuals of European ancestry and 530 complex traits in the UK Biobank. We found small yet widespread differences in genetic architecture across traits. We also found that, in some cases, sex-agnostic analyses may be missing trait-associated loci and looked into possible improvements in the prediction of high-level phenotypes. Finally, we studied the potential functional role of the differences observed through sex-biased gene expression and gene-level analyses. Our results suggest the need to consider sex-aware analyses for future studies to shed light onto possible sex-specific molecular mechanisms.
Indexed as
Identifiers
34493869What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.