ArticleInternational journal for equity in health2021
Effects of material hardship on depression among adults in South Korea: insights from by the Korea Welfare Panel Study 2008-2017.
Article in International journal for equity in health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Household-income trajectories and mental health inequalities in Germany before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: a quasi-experimental panel study.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Surviving in Crisis Mode: The Effect of Material Hardship and Social Support on Emotional Wellbeing Among People in Poverty During COVID-19.Social indicators research · 2023Article
- Financial Hardship, Depression, and Self-Esteem: Temporal Analysis Using a Korean Panel Study.Psychiatry investigation · 2023Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundLow socioeconomic status deemed by income-based measures is a risk factor for depression. Material hardship is commonly used as a multidimensional socioeconomic indicator to identify the struggles that low-income households encounter that are not captured by conventional income-based measures. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of material hardship on depression.
methodsWe used wave 3 (2008) to wave 12 (2017) panel data collected by the Korea Welfare Panel Study. The material hardship measure included six dimensions: food, housing, medical care, paying utility bills, education, and financial hardship. Depression was measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-11). A generalised estimating equation model was applied to test the causal association between material hardship and log transferred CESD-11.
resultsThe first time point comprised 3,866 participants. Those who continually experienced material hardship had higher depression scores (male: β = 2.82, female: β = 3.98, p-value: < .0001). Food hardship was the most critical risk factor (male: β = 3.29, female: β = 4.05, p-value: < .0001).
conclusionsMaterial hardship is associated with increased risk of depression, especially food hardship. We should consider guaranteeing food security, and community and policy makers should consider material hardship in their approach when identifying low-income populations at high risk for depression.
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