ArticlePLoS biology2021
The antiviral state has shaped the CpG composition of the vertebrate interferome to avoid self-targeting.
Article in PLoS biology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers.
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Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 33 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in codon usage between host-species-specific rabies virus clades are driven by non-GC3 nucleotide composition.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- Avian-origin influenza A viruses tolerate elevated pyrexic temperatures in mammals.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Understanding off-target growth defects introduced to influenza A virus by synonymous recoding.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Mammalian antiviral proteins ZAP and KHNYN can independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses.PLoS biology · 2025Article
- Mammalian ZAP and KHNYN can independently restrict CpG-enriched avian viruses.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- HIV-2 evades restriction by ZAP through adaptations in the U3 LTR region despite increased CpG levels.Nucleic acids research · 2025Article
- Omics Analyses Uncover Host Networks Defining Virus-Permissive and -Hostile Cellular States.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Article
- Host ZAP activity correlates with the levels of CpG suppression in primate lentiviruses.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Modulation of host gene expression by the zinc finger antiviral protein.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Overview of host-directed antiviral targets for future research and drug development.Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B · 2025Review
- Nuclear RNA-binding proteins meet cytoplasmic viruses.RNA (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Review
- Endogenous ZAP is associated with altered Zika virus infection phenotype.Virology journal · 2024Article
- Versatility of the Zinc-Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) As a Modulator of Viral Infections.International journal of biological sciences · 2024Review
- Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by interferon alpha can involve multiple anti-viral factors.The Journal of general virology · 2023Article
- Sensing nucleotide composition in virus RNA.Bioscience reports · 2023Review
- Hypoxia dampens innate immune signalling at early time points and increases Zika virus RNA levels in iPSC-derived macrophages.The Journal of general virology · 2023Article
- Association of ZC3HAV1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with the susceptibility of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.BMC medical genomics · 2023Article
- CpG dinucleotide enrichment in the influenza A virus genome as a live attenuated vaccine development strategy.PLoS pathogens · 2023Article
- Viral RNA Is a Hub for Critical Host-Virus Interactions.Sub-cellular biochemistry · 2023Article
- Defining the characteristics of interferon-alpha-stimulated human genes: insight from expression data and machine learning.GigaScience · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
22 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Antiviral defenses can sense viral RNAs and mediate their destruction. This presents a challenge for host cells since they must destroy viral RNAs while sparing the host mRNAs that encode antiviral effectors. Here, we show that highly upregulated interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), which encode antiviral proteins, have distinctive nucleotide compositions. We propose that self-targeting by antiviral effectors has selected for ISG transcripts that occupy a less self-targeted sequence space. Following interferon (IFN) stimulation, the CpG-targeting antiviral effector zinc-finger antiviral protein (ZAP) reduces the mRNA abundance of multiple host transcripts, providing a mechanistic explanation for the repression of many (but not all) interferon-repressed genes (IRGs). Notably, IRGs tend to be relatively CpG rich. In contrast, highly upregulated ISGs tend to be strongly CpG suppressed. Thus, ZAP is an example of an effector that has not only selected compositional biases in viral genomes but also appears to have notably shaped the composition of host transcripts in the vertebrate interferome.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.