ArticleFrontiers in sports and active living2021
No Fans-No Pressure: Referees in Professional Football During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
Article in Frontiers in sports and active living, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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7 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Balancing economic and social results in football clubs: evidence of fans' perceptions in the Colombian context.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2025Article
- Exploring factors influencing number of fouls in soccer.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
- Understanding fan pressures and its impact on football club sustainability: insights from the Colombian context.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2024Article
- Virtual training, real effects: a narrative review on sports performance enhancement through interventions in virtual reality.Frontiers in psychology · 2023Review
- The influence of removing home advantage on the Chinese Football Super League.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2022Article
- Influence of crowd size on home advantage in the Japanese football league.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, European elite football (a.k.a. soccer) leagues played the remaining season 2019/20 without or strongly limited attendance of supporters (i.e., "ghost games"). From a sport psychological perspective this situation poses a unique opportunity to investigate the crowd's influence on referee decisions and the associated effect of "home advantage." A total of 1286 matches-played in the top leagues of Spain, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, Turkey, Austria and the Czech Republic-were analyzed for results, fouls, bookings and reasons for bookings and contrasted between respective matchdays of season 2018/19 (regular attendance) and season 2019/20 (ghost games). Following recent methodological developments in the research on the home advantage effect, four different statistical analyses-including Pollard's traditional method-were used for the assessment of the home advantage effect. There are two main findings. First, home teams were booked significantly more often with yellow cards for committing fouls in ghost games. Most importantly, this effect was
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.