Observational studyBMJ open2021
Non-communicable diseases, sociodemographic vulnerability and the risk of mortality in hospitalised children and adolescents with COVID-19 in Brazil: a cross-sectional observational study.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19 on the Indigenous Population of Brazil: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Risk Factors for Pediatric Critical COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2024Pooled it
- Guidance for prevention and management of COVID-19 in children and adolescents: A consensus statement from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society Pediatric COVID-19 Therapies Taskforce.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2024Pooled it
- Epidemiology and clinical features of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in the pre-Omicron era: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of global health · 2024Pooled it
- Article
- Association between asthma and COVID-19 severity during Omicron epidemic: a retrospective cohort study using real-world data.BMC infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Risk Factors for Pediatric Critical COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- Geographical variations and district-level factors associated with COVID-19 mortality in Indonesia: a nationwide ecological study.BMC public health · 2023Article
- Socioeconomic inequality in hospital case fatality rate and care among children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 in Brazil.Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2023Article
- Article
- Asthma and Susceptibility to COVID-19 in Australian Children During Alpha, Delta and Omicron Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2023Article
- The challenges of education in a continental country in the face of new severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant circulation.Infection control and hospital epidemiology · 2022Article
- Spatial clusters, social determinants of health and risk of COVID-19 mortality in Brazilian children and adolescents: A nationwide population-based ecological study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Sex-differences in incidence of hospitalizations and in hospital mortality of community-acquired pneumonia among children in Spain: a population-based study.European journal of pediatrics · 2022Article
- Pandemic inequity in a megacity: a multilevel analysis of individual, community and healthcare vulnerability risks for COVID-19 mortality in Jakarta, Indonesia.BMJ global health · 2022Article
- How Should We Investigate Cardiovascular Injury In Critically Ill COVID-19 Pediatric Patients In A Scenario Of Socioeconomic Vulnerability?Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2022Article
- Impact of environmental and individual factors on COVID-19 mortality in children and adolescents in Mexico: An observational study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2022Article
- Survival analysis and mortality predictors of COVID-19 in a pediatric cohort in Mexico.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
- An update on the epidemiology of pediatric COVID-19 in Brazil.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2022Article
- Uptake, effectiveness and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in children and young people in Scotland: Protocol for early pandemic evaluation and enhanced surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II).Journal of global health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesTo analyse how previous comorbidities, ethnicity, regionality and socioeconomic development are associated with COVID-19 mortality in hospitalised children and adolescents.
designCross-sectional observational study using publicly available data from the Brazilian Ministry of Health.
settingNationwide.
participants5857 patients younger than 20 years old, all of them hospitalised with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, from 1 January 2020 to 7 December 2020.
main outcome measureWe used multilevel mixed-effects generalised linear models to study in-hospital mortality, stratifying the analysis by age, region of the country, presence of non-communicable diseases, ethnicity and socioeconomic development.
resultsIndividually, most of the included comorbidities were risk factors for mortality. Notably, asthma was a protective factor (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.67). Having more than one comorbidity increased almost tenfold the odds of death (OR 9.67, 95% CI 6.89 to 13.57). Compared with white children, Indigenous, Pardo (mixed) and East Asian had significantly higher odds of mortality (OR 5.83, 95% CI 2.43 to 14.02; OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.48 to 2.51; OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.02 to 8.71, respectively). We also found a regional influence (higher mortality in the North-OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.48 to 4.65) and a socioeconomic association (lower mortality among children from more socioeconomically developed municipalities-OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.38)
conclusionsBesides the association with comorbidities, we found ethnic, regional and socioeconomic factors shaping the mortality of children hospitalised with COVID-19 in Brazil. Our findings identify risk groups among children that should be prioritised for public health measures, such as vaccination.
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