ArticleBMC public health2021
Global, regional, and national prevalence, disability adjusted life years, and time trends for refraction disorders, 1990-2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019.
Article in BMC public health, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Regional variations and temporal trends of childhood myopia prevalence in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2022Pooled it
- Seeing Inequalities: Self-Reported Visual Difficulty and Eye Care Utilization Among Women in Malawi, a Secondary Analysis of the 2024 Demographic and Health Survey Data.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Bioactive Properties of Carotenoids in Ocular Diseases: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Neuroprotective Effects.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national trends in blindness and vision loss, 1990-2021: a secondary ecological trend analysis based on modelled population estimates.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- Effects of HO-1 on the Integrity of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in Regulating Axial Elongation in Experimental Myopia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Global, Regional, and National Burdens of Refraction Disorders in Children and Adolescents From 2010 to 2021.Journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Global burden and geospatial drivers of sensory impairment with sense organ disease projections to 2050.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national differences in the burden of refraction disorders among children, adolescents, and older adults: current trends and future projections.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Access to Myopia Care in the United States-A Narrative Review.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of refraction disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2021 and projections to 2050.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic and demographic disparities in the impact of digestive diseases in the middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.International journal for equity in health · 2025Article
- Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of sclera in lens-induced myopic guinea pigs.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of cataract: A comprehensive analysis and projections from 1990 to 2021.PloS one · 2025Article
- Global trends in refractive disorders from 1990 to 2021: insights from the global burden of disease study and predictive modeling.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Burden of cataracts in developing countries: a trend analysis based on data from China, 1990 to 2021.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of ovarian cancer among young women during 1990-2019.European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP) · 2025Article
- Trends in prevalence and disability-adjusted life years for refractive disorders in China and globally from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Ocular biometric parameter characteristics and influence on refractive power in Chinese children.International journal of ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Association between the composite dietary antioxidant index and infertility: the national health and nutrition examination survey 2013-2020.BMC public health · 2024Article
- The burden of vision loss due to cataract in China: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.Eye (London, England) · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo evaluate global burden of refraction disorders by year, age, region, gender, socioeconomic status and other national characteristics in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and prevalence from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019 and World Bank Open Data 2019.
methodsGlobal, regional, and national DALY numbers, crude DALY rates, age-standardized DALY and prevalence rates of refraction disorders were acquired from the GBD study 2019. Mobile cellular subscriptions, urban population, GDP per capita, access to electricity and total fertility rate were obtained from the World Bank to explore the factors that influenced the health burden of refraction disorders. Kruskal-Wallis test, linear regression and multiple linear regression were performed to evaluate the associations between the health burden with socioeconomic levels and other national characteristics. Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test was used to investigate the gender disparity.
resultsGlobally, age-standardized DALY rates of refraction disorders decreased from 88.9 (95% UI: 60.5-120.3) in 1990 to 81.5 (95% UI: 55.0-114.8) in 2019, and might fall to 73.16 (95% UI: 67.81-78.51) by 2050. Age-standardized prevalence rates would also reduce to 1830 (95% UI: 1700-1960) by 2050, from 2080 (95% UI: 1870-2310) in 1990 to 1960 (95% UI: 1750-2180) in 2019. In low SDI region, age-standardized DALY rates (equation: Y = 114.05*X + 27.88) and prevalence rates (equation: Y = 3171.1*X + 403.2) were positively correlated with SDI in linear regression respectively. East Asia had the highest blindness rate caused by refraction disorders in terms of age-standardized DALY rates (11.20, 95% UI: 7.38-16.36). Gender inequality was found among different age groups and SDI regions.
conclusionHealth burden of refraction disorders decreased in recent years, and may continue to alleviate in the next three decades. Older ages, females and lower socioeconomic status were associated with higher refraction disorders health burden.
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