ReviewBiochemistry. Biokhimiia2021
A Code Within a Code: How Codons Fine-Tune Protein Folding in the Cell.
Review in Biochemistry. Biokhimiia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evolution and Functional Implications of Codon Usage Bias in Eukaryotes.Journal of molecular evolution · 2026Review
- Temporal and gene-specific dynamics of codon usage evolution in SARS-CoV-2 genomes.BMC genomics · 2026Article
- OPT: Codon optimize gene sequences for E. coli protein overexpression.Journal of molecular biology · 2025Article
- Dinucleotide preferences underlie apparent codon preference reversals in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Comparison of the L3-23K and L5-Fiber Regions for Arming the Oncolytic Adenovirus Ad5-Delta-24-RGD with Reporter and Therapeutic Transgenes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Beginning of a new era of synthetic messenger RNA therapeutics: Comprehensive insights on mRNA drug design, development and applications.Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.) · 2025Review
- Complete Mitochondrial Genome ofInsects · 2024Article
- Translation Rates and Protein Folding.Journal of molecular biology · 2024Review
- Article
- The Effects of Codon Usage on Protein Structure and Folding.Annual review of biophysics · 2024Review
- Modifications of the 5' region of the CASPONMicrobial cell factories · 2024Article
- Synonymous ADAMTS13 variants impact molecular characteristics and contribute to variability in active protein abundance.Blood advances · 2022Article
- Synonymous Variants: Necessary Nuance in Our Understanding of Cancer Drivers and Treatment Outcomes.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2022Review
- Recent Advances in Our Molecular and Mechanistic Understanding of Misfolded Cellular Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and Prion Disease (PrD).Biomolecules · 2022Article
- mRNA Therapeutic Modalities Design, Formulation and Manufacturing under Pharma 4.0 Principles.Biomedicines · 2021Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The genetic code sets the correspondence between the sequence of a given nucleotide triplet in an mRNA molecule, called a codon, and the amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide chain during protein synthesis. With four bases (A, G, U, and C), there are 64 possible triplet codons: 61 sense codons (encoding amino acids) and 3 nonsense codons (so-called, stop codons that define termination of translation). In most organisms, there are 20 common/standard amino acids used in protein synthesis; thus, the genetic code is redundant with most amino acids (with the exception of Met and Trp) are being encoded by more than one (synonymous) codon. Synonymous codons were initially presumed to have entirely equivalent functions, however, the finding that synonymous codons are not present at equal frequencies in mRNA suggested that the specific codon choice might have functional implications beyond coding for amino acid. Observation of nonequivalent use of codons in mRNAs implied a possibility of the existence of auxiliary information in the genetic code. Indeed, it has been found that genetic code contains several layers of such additional information and that synonymous codons are strategically placed within mRNAs to ensure a particular translation kinetics facilitating and fine-tuning co-translational protein folding in the cell via step-wise/sequential structuring of distinct regions of the polypeptide chain emerging from the ribosome at different points in time. This review summarizes key findings in the field that have identified the role of synonymous codons and their usage in protein folding in the cell.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.