ArticleAnnals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology2021
Clinical definition of acquired resistance to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer.
Article in Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 93 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fast Real-Time Assessment of Combination Therapies in Immuno-ONcology in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (FRACTION-Lung).ESMO open · 2026Trial
- PD-1/ PD-L1 bispecific antibody IBI318 combined with lenvatinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer with acquired resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors: a phase II trial.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- First-line sacituzumab tirumotecan with tagitanlimab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2 trial.Nature medicine · 2025Trial
- Chidamide plus envafolimab as subsequent treatment in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients resistant to anti-PD-1 therapy: A multicohort, open-label, phase II trial with biomarker analysis.Cancer medicine · 2024Trial
- Biomarker-directed targeted therapy plus durvalumab in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 2 umbrella trial.Nature medicine · 2024Trial
- MRTX-500 Phase 2 Trial: Sitravatinib With Nivolumab in Patients With Nonsquamous NSCLC Progressing On or After Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy or Chemotherapy.Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer · 2023Trial
- Phase II Randomized Study of Ramucirumab and Pembrolizumab Versus Standard of Care in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Previously Treated With Immunotherapy-Lung-MAP S1800A.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2022Trial
- Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Clinical Trials: A Perspective From Lung-MAP Investigators.Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology · 2026Article
- Effectiveness and Safety of PD-1 Inhibitor Rechallenge After Prior Immunotherapy in Patients Aged ≥ 60 Years with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Single-Center Retrospective Study.Drugs - real world outcomes · 2026Article
- Pan-cancer analysis in the real-world setting uncovers immunogenomic drivers of acquired resistance post-immunotherapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Unresectable stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: state of the art and challenges.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2026Review
- Acquired resistance to first-line immune checkpoint inhibitors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: progression patterns and prognostic implications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer: limits of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition and new directions.Journal of thoracic disease · 2025Article
- Treatment of NSCLC after chemoimmunotherapy - are we making headway?Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Unraveling the molecular-pathological characteristics and cellular complexity of the tumor immune microenvironment in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Rechallenge with immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced-stage lung cancer.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Utilizing ctDNA to discover mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies in patients with metastatic NSCLC: towards more informative trials.Nature reviews. Clinical oncology · 2025Review
- Prognostic Significance, Radiological, and Metabolic Characteristics of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Following Neoadjuvant Chemoimmunotherapy.Thoracic cancer · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
18 authors at 15 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Acquired resistance (AR) to programmed cell death protein 1/programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-(L)1] blockade is frequent in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), occurring in a majority of initial responders. Patients with AR may have unique properties of persistent antitumor immunity that could be re-harnessed by investigational immunotherapies. The absence of a consistent clinical definition of AR to PD-(L)1 blockade and lack of uniform criteria for ensuing enrollment in clinical trials remains a major barrier to progress; such clinical definitions have advanced biologic and therapeutic discovery. We examine the considerations and potential controversies in developing a patient-level definition of AR in NSCLC treated with PD-(L)1 blockade. Taking into account the specifics of NSCLC biology and corresponding treatment strategies, we propose a practical, clinical definition of AR to PD-(L)1 blockade for use in clinical reports and prospective clinical trials. Patients should meet the following criteria: received treatment that includes PD-(L)1 blockade; experienced objective response on PD-(L)1 blockade (inclusion of a subset of stable disease will require future investigation); have progressive disease occurring within 6 months of last anti-PD-(L)1 antibody treatment or rechallenge with anti-PD-(L)1 antibody in patients not exposed to anti-PD-(L)1 in 6 months.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.