ArticlePreventive medicine2021
Gender disparities in difficulty accessing healthcare and cost-related medication non-adherence: The CDC behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) survey.
Article in Preventive medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 52 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
52 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex differences in multimorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC public health · 2026Pooled it
- COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among People Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.AIDS and behavior · 2024Pooled it
- Factors affecting women's access to primary care in the United States since the Affordable Care Act: A mixed-methods systematic review.PloS one · 2024Pooled it
- Post-COVID Rebound in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Driven by Resurgence of Serotype 4 Among American Indian Individuals in the Southwest United States.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Public perceptions and willingness-to-pay regarding over-the-counter (OTC) naloxone: A national cross-sectional survey informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2026Article
- Weight discrimination and metabolic syndrome: Examining discrimination attributions and frequency across settings.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in functional ageing trajectories in England and Canada: A comparative longitudinal cohort study.PLoS medicine · 2026Article
- Temporal trends and sociodemographic determinants of time to nephrectomy in localized renal cell cancer.International urology and nephrology · 2026Article
- Do people with HIV really have the choice between oral and injectable ART? Evidence from a multicentric survey in the Swiss HIV cohort study.HIV medicine · 2026Article
- Health care utilization before and after COVID-19 diagnosis: a multidisease matched-cohort study by sociodemographic factors.BMC health services research · 2026Article
- Shifting burdens: heart failure and pneumonia mortality patterns in the United States, 1999-2020.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- The impact of social determinants of health on acute kidney injury.Nature reviews. Nephrology · 2026Review
- From preoperative to postoperative: gender differences in elective ventral hernia repair.Hernia : the journal of hernias and abdominal wall surgery · 2026Article
- Sex and Gender in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Does It Matter?Journal of personalized medicine · 2026Review
- Composition and influencing factors of hospitalization costs in adult patients undergoing incisional hernia repair surgery.Updates in surgery · 2026Article
- Initial Imaging for Adults With Maxillofacial Trauma in a National Claims Database.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Burden of Infectious Diseases in Afghanistan in 1999 and 2023: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease 2023 Study.Cureus · 2026Article
- Treatment Delays and Survival Divides: Race, Sex, and Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Disparities.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Prevalence, patterns and factors associated with over-the-counter antibiotic purchase: a cross-sectional study in private pharmacies in Montserrado County, Liberia.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of the Internet of Things for Improving Health of Non-Pregnant Women Living in High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Ensuring healthcare access is critical to maintain health and prevent illness. Studies demonstrate gender disparities in healthcare access. Less is known about how these vary with age, race/ethnicity, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We utilized cross-sectional data from 2016 to 2019 CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a U.S. telephone-based survey of adults (≥18 years). Measures of difficulty accessing healthcare included absence of healthcare coverage, delay in healthcare access, absence of primary care physician, >1-year since last checkup, inability to see doctor due to cost, and cost-related medication non-adherence. We studied the association between gender and these variables using multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, stratifying by age, race/ethnicity, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease status. Our population consisted of 1,737,397 individuals; 54% were older (≥45 years), 51% women, 63% non-Hispanic White, 12% non-Hispanic Black,17% Hispanic, 9% reported atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In multivariable-adjusted models, women were more likely to report delay in healthcare access: odds ratio (OR) and (95% confidence interval): 1.26 (1.11, 1.43) [p < 0.001], inability to see doctor due to cost: 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) [p < 0.001], cost-related medication non-adherence: 1.24 (1.01, 1.50) [p = 0.04]. Women were less likely to report lack of healthcare coverage: 0.71 (0.66, 0.75) [p < 0.001] and not having a primary care physician: 0.50 (0.48, 0.52) [p < 0.001]. Disparities were pronounced in younger (<45 years) and Black women. Identifying these barriers, particularly among younger women and Black women, is crucial to ensure equitable healthcare access to all individuals.
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