ArticleHeliyon2021
Forward and backward walking share the same motor modules and locomotor adaptation strategies.
Article in Heliyon, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuromuscular Basis of Kinematic Adaptations During Bidirectional Walking.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Bidirectional locomotion induces asymmetric limb adaptations.Journal of neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Alterations in muscular control when performing unfamiliar elbow flexion and extension movements.European journal of applied physiology · 2025Article
- A physiologically inspired hybrid CPG/Reflex controller for cycling simulations that generalizes to walking.PLoS computational biology · 2025Article
- Characterization of muscle synergy similarity and adaptation in hip exoskeleton-assisted locomotion.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Effect of Backward and Forward Walking on Lower Limb Strength, Balance, and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis: A Randomized Feasibility Trial.International journal of MS careArticle
- Effectiveness of backward gait training on body composition, cardiopulmonary fitness, inflammation, and metabolic marker in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.International journal of critical illness and injury scienceReview
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Forward and backward walking are remarkably similar motor behaviors to the extent that backward walking has been described as a time-reversed version of forward walking. However, because they display different muscle activity patterns, it has been questioned if forward and backward walking share common control strategies. To investigate this point, we used a split-belt treadmill experimental paradigm designed to elicit healthy individuals' motor adaptation by changing the speed of one of the treadmill belts, while keeping the speed of the other belt constant. We applied this experimental paradigm to both forward and backward walking. We analyzed several adaptation parameters including step symmetry, stability, and energy expenditure as well as the characteristics of the synergies of lower-limb muscles. We found that forward and backward walking share the same muscle synergy modules. We showed that these modules are marked by similar patterns of adaptation driven by stability and energy consumption minimization criteria, both relying on modulating the temporal activation of the muscle synergies. Our results provide evidence that forward and backward walking are governed by the same control and adaptation mechanisms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.