ArticleOncoimmunology2021
Combination checkpoint therapy with anti-PD-1 and anti-BTLA results in a synergistic therapeutic effect against murine glioblastoma.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Elevated BTLA Expression Correlates with an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and Defines Dysfunctional Circulating T Cells in Human Glioblastoma.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Review
- Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtypes; Immune Escape; Limitations of Current Immunotherapy; and the BTLA/HVEM/CD160 Axis as an Emerging Target.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Post-translational modifications of immune checkpoints: molecular mechanisms, tumor microenvironment remodeling, and therapeutic implications.Journal of biomedical science · 2026Review
- Targeting regulatory T cells in glioblastoma: from mechanistic insights to novel immunotherapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Trends in the immunotherapy for glioblastoma: A two-decade bibliometric analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- BTLA: An Emerging Immune Checkpoint Target in Cancer Immunotherapy.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- New experimental therapies for glioblastoma: a review of preclinical research.Acta neuropathologica communications · 2025Review
- FXR shapes an immunosuppressive microenvironment in PD-L1lo/- non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating HVEM.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Navigating Glioma Complexity: The Role of Abnormal Signaling Pathways in Shaping Future Therapies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- A novel HVEM-Fc recombinant protein for lung cancer immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2025Article
- Combinational therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and PD-1 pathway dual blockade promotes antitumor immune responses by reversing CD8Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Immunotherapy resistance in solid tumors: mechanisms and potential solutions.Cancer biology & therapy · 2024Review
- Small molecules from antibody pharmacophores (SMAbPs) as a hit identification workflow for immune checkpoints.Science advances · 2024Article
- Strategies to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibody, anti-PD-L1 antibody and anti-CTLA-4 antibody in cancer therapy.Journal of translational medicine · 2024Review
- The Immune Checkpoint BTLA in Oral Cancer: Expression Analysis and Its Correlation to Other Immune Modulators.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The BTLA-HVEM axis restricts CAR T cell efficacy in cancer.Nature immunology · 2024Article
- From glioma gloom to immune bloom: unveiling novel immunotherapeutic paradigms-a review.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2024Review
- T Cell Features in Glioblastoma May Guide Therapeutic Strategies to Overcome Microenvironment Immunosuppression.Cancers · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Clinical trials involving anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) failed to demonstrate improved overall survival in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. This may be due to the expression of alternative checkpoints such as B- and T- lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) on several immune cell types including regulatory T cells. Murine GBM models indicate that there is significant upregulation of BTLA in the tumor microenvironment (TME) with associated T cell exhaustion. We investigate the use of antibodies against BTLA and PD-1 on reversing immunosuppression and increasing long-term survival in a murine GBM model. C57BL/6 J mice were implanted with the murine glioma cell line GL261 and randomized into 4 arms: (i) control, (ii) anti-PD-1, (iii) anti-BTLA, and (iv) anti-PD-1 + anti-BTLA. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for all arms. Flow cytometric analysis of blood and brains were done on days 11 and 16 post-tumor implantation. Tumor-bearing mice treated with a combination of anti-PD-1 and anti-BTLA therapy experienced improved overall long-term survival (60%) compared to anti-PD-1 (20%) or anti-BTLA (0%) alone (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.