ArticleEuropean journal of ageing2021
Education, wealth, and duration of life expected in various degrees of frailty.
Article in European journal of ageing, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Common inflammatory proteins linking frailty and area-level deprivation as key drivers of cardiovascular risk in women.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Associations between dimensions of physical activity (intensity, frequency, duration, and volume) and frailty among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2025Article
- Frailty-free life expectancy and its association with socio-economic characteristics: an analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing cohort study.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Association of dietary health indices with frailty.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic Inequalities in Frailty Distribution: A Cross-National Comparison of the United States and England.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2024Article
- Living Longer But Frailer? Temporal Trends in Life Expectancy and Frailty in Older Swedish Adults.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2024Article
- How to construct a frailty index from an existing dataset in 10 steps.Age and ageing · 2023Article
- Racial, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Differences in a Deficit Accumulation Frailty Index in the Multiethnic Cohort Study.The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023Article
- Household Polluting Fuel Use and Frailty among Older Adults in Rural China: The Moderating Role of Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Article
- Association between vitamin D3 levels and frailty in the elderly: A large sample cross-sectional study.Frontiers in nutrition · 2022Article
- New thinking about health expectancy: introduction to the special section.European journal of ageing · 2021Article
- Trajectories of frailty and related factors of elderly people in Mexico.Poblacion y salud en mesoamericaArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multistate life tables are used to estimate life expected in three frailty states: frailty free, mild/moderate frailty, severe frailty. Estimates are provided for the combination of education and wealth by age, stratified by sex. Data consider 17,115 cases from the Health and Retirement Study, 2000-2014. Frailty is measured using a 59 item frailty index based on deficit accumulation. Estimates are derived using stochastic population analysis for complex events. Population-based and status-based results are reported. Findings confirm a hypothesis that the combination of higher education and wealth results in longer lives in more favorable degrees of frailty. Also, as hypothesized, wealth generally affords a greater advantage than does education among those with severe frailty at baseline. For instance, high wealth provides a 70-year-old woman with severe frailty at baseline 0.70 more total years and 0.81 more frailty free years then her counterpart with low wealth, compared to gains of 0.39 and 0.54, respectively, for those with high education. Unexpectedly, wealth also has a greater role among those frailty free at baseline. A 70-year-old woman frailty free at baseline with high wealth lives 3.19 more net years and 4.13 more years frailty free than her counterpart with low wealth, while the same comparison for high versus low education indicates advantages of 2.00 total and 1.96 frailty free years. Relative change ratios also indicate more robust results for wealth versus education. In sum, there is evidence that inequality in duration of life in degrees of frailty is socially patterned.
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