Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34482719›Full record

ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences2021

Variation in vocal production learning across songbirds.

William A Searcy, Jill Soha, Susan Peters, Stephen Nowicki

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Cultural and morphological divergence of Darwin's cactus finches (Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London · 2025
    Article
  5. The role of musical pitch in long-distance defensive signaling.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2025
    Review
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Phylogenetic signal in the vocalizations of vocal learning and vocal non-learning birds.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021
    Article
  10. Vocal learning in animals and humans.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2021
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

William A SearcyDepartment of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-1969-0561
Jill SohaDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Susan PetersDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
Stephen NowickiDepartment of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-6564-905X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Songbirds as a whole are considered to be vocal production learners, meaning that they modify the structure of their vocalizations as a result of experience with the vocalizations of others. The more than 4000 species of songbirds, however, vary greatly in crucial features of song development. Variable features include: (i) the normality of the songs of early-deafened birds, reflecting the importance of innate motor programmes in song development; (ii) the normality of the songs of isolation-reared birds, reflecting the combined importance of innate auditory templates and motor programmes; (iii) the degree of selectivity in choice of external models; (iv) the accuracy of copying from external models; and (v) whether or not learning from external models continues into adulthood. We suggest that because of this variability, some songbird species, specifically those that are able to develop songs in the normal range without exposure to external models, can be classified as limited vocal learners. Those species that require exposure to external models to develop songs in the normal range can be considered complex vocal learners. This article is part of the theme issue 'Vocal learning in animals and humans'.

Indexed as

LearningSongbirdsVocalization, AnimalAnimalsbirdsongsongbirdssong learningvocal learningvocal production learning

Identifiers

PMID34482719
PMCPMC8419578

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.