ArticleBrain stimulation
Multi-electrode stimulation evokes consistent spatial patterns of phosphenes and improves phosphene mapping in blind subjects.
Article in Brain stimulation. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Seeing anew: Mechanisms, outcomes, and challenges in adapting to restored sight via visual prostheses.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2026Review
- Modalities of vision restoration in optic neuropathies and retinal disease.Progress in retinal and eye research · 2026Review
- Neural population dynamics of direct electrical stimulation of neocortex.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Motion perception with visual prostheses.Progress in biomedical engineering (Bristol, England) · 2026Review
- Neural population dynamics of direct electrical stimulation of neocortex.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Selective activation of mesoscale functional circuits via multichannel infrared stimulation of cortical columns in ultra-high-field 7T MRI.Cell reports methods · 2025Article
- Tactile edges and motion via patterned microstimulation of the human somatosensory cortex.Science (New York, N.Y.) · 2025Article
- Tackling visual impairment: emerging avenues in ophthalmology.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- A novel interface for cortical columnar neuromodulation with multipoint infrared neural stimulation.Nature communications · 2024Article
- A virtual patient simulation modeling the neural and perceptual effects of human visual cortical stimulation, from pulse trains to percepts.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users.Journal of neural engineering · 2024Article
- Article
- Neurosurgery and the Brain-Computer Interface.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2024Review
- Axonal stimulation affects the linear summation of single-point perception in three Argus II users.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2023Article
- The Influence of Phosphene Synchrony in Driving Object Binding in a Simulation of Artificial Vision.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2023Article
- A novel simulation paradigm utilising MRI-derived phosphene maps for cortical prosthetic vision.Journal of neural engineering · 2023Article
- Chronic stability of a neuroprosthesis comprising multiple adjacent Utah arrays in monkeys.Journal of neural engineering · 2023Article
- Estimating Phosphene Locations Using Eye Movements of Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis Users.Translational vision science & technology · 2023Article
- Measuring visual information gathering in individuals with ultra low vision using virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Therapeutic landscape for inherited ocular diseases: Current and emerging therapies.Singapore medical journal · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVisual cortical prostheses (VCPs) have the potential to restore visual function to patients with acquired blindness. Successful implementation of VCPs requires the ability to reliably map the location of the phosphene produced by stimulation of each implanted electrode.
objectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of different approaches to phosphene mapping and propose simple improvements to mapping strategy.
methodsWe stimulated electrodes implanted in the visual cortex of five blind and fifteen sighted patients. We tested two fixation strategies, unimanual fixation, where subjects placed a single index finger on a tactile fixation point and bimanual fixation, where subjects overlaid their right index finger over their left on the tactile point. In addition, we compared absolute mapping in which a single electrode was stimulated on each trial, and relative mapping with sequences containing stimulation of three to five phosphenes on each trial. Trial-to-trial variability present in relative mapping sequences was quantified.
resultsPhosphene mapping was less precise in blind subjects than in sighted subjects (2DRMS, 16 ± 2.9° vs. 1.9 ± 0.93°; t (18) = 18, p = <0.001). Within blind subjects, bimanual fixation resulted in more consistent phosphene localization than unimanual fixation (BS1: 4.0 ± 2.6° vs. 19 ± 4.7°, t (79) = 24, p < 0.001; BS2 4.1 ± 2.0° vs. 12 ± 2.7°, t (65) = 19, p < 0.001). Multi-point relative mapping had similar baseline precision to absolute mapping (BS1: 4.7 ± 2.6° vs. 3.9 ± 2.0°; BS2: 4.1 ± 2.0° vs. 3.2 ± 1.1°) but improved significantly when trial-to-trial translational variability was removed. Although multi-point mapping methods did reveal more of the functional organization expected in early visual cortex, subjects tended to artificially regularize the spacing between phosphenes. We attempt to address this issue by fitting a standard logarithmic map to relative multi-point sequences.
conclusionsRelative mapping methods, combined with bimanual fixation, resulted in the most precise estimates of phosphene organization. These techniques, combined with use of a standard logarithmic model of visual cortex, may provide a practical way to improve the implementation of a VCP.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.