ReviewCell2021
The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review.
Abstract readReview
In one paragraph
Review in Cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 263 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
263citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
263 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Emerging Viral Zoonotic Diseases, 2016-2026.Transboundary and emerging diseases · 2026Pooled it
- Tracing the origin of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): A systematic review and narrative synthesis.Journal of medical virology · 2022Pooled it
- Preeclampsia and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review.Journal of hypertension · 2022Pooled it
- Shifting drivers and predictable corridors of an illegal wildlife trade network.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Drivers of Viral Spillover: An Examination of How Pathogens Spread.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Host OTUB2 and viral PLpro stabilize NSP8 to promote SARS-CoV-2 replication.Virologica Sinica · 2026Article
- COVID-19 and One Health Governance in Indonesia reveal challenges at the Wildlife Interface.EcoHealth · 2026Article
- IQ-TREE 3: phylogenomic inference software using complex evolutionary models.Molecular biology and evolution · 2026Article
- A self-assembled nanoparticle vaccine displaying chimeric and trimeric RBD-HRC elicits broad-spectrum neutralizing antibodies against multiple coronaviruses.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Glycan-binding properties of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins: interactions with aminoglycoside antibiotics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Mechanistic insights into the noncovalent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro: a multiscale computational study.Journal of computer-aided molecular design · 2026Article
- Synthetic Integration of an FCS into Coronaviruses-Hype or an Unresolved Biorisk? An Integrative Analysis of DNA Repair, Cancer Research, Drug Development, and Escape Mutant Traits.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Development and Application of a Pseudovirus-Based Assay for Modelling SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Mediated Drug Screening.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A scalable maximum-likelihood framework for near-real-time monitoring of MERS-CoV evolutionary and zoonotic dynamics.Microbiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Viral emergence and pandemic preparedness in a One Health framework.Nature reviews. Microbiology · 2026Review
- SARS-CoV-2-induced dysregulation in ADAR editing patterns persists post viral clearance in individuals with mild COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 caused infection in farmed minks: continuous surveillance of an 11-month outbreak at the largest Latvian mink farm.Virus evolution · 2026Article
- AI-guided epitope engineering of a SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen for broad sarbecovirus neutralization.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- An RGD motif on SARS-CoV-2 Spike induces TGF-β signaling and downregulates interferon.Journal of virology · 2025Article
- Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Cathepsin L Inhibitors as SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutics Using Enhanced SVR with Multiple Kernel Function and PSO.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
203 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
21 authors.
Edward C HolmesMarie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Electronic address: edward.holmes@sydney.edu.au.
Stephen A GoldsteinDepartment of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
Angela L RasmussenVaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada.
David L RobertsonMRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
Alexander Crits-ChristophDepartment of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
Joel O WertheimDepartment of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
Simon J AnthonyDepartment of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California-Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Wendy S BarclayDepartment of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK.
Maciej F BoniCenter for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
Peter C DohertyDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Doherty Institute, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
Jeremy FarrarThe Wellcome Trust, London NW1 2BE, UK.
Jemma L GeogheganDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand; Institute of Environmental Science and Research, Wellington 5022, New Zealand.
Xiaowei JiangDepartment of Biological Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou, China.
Julian L LeibowitzDepartment of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77807, USA.
Stuart J D NeilDepartment of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
Tim SkernMax Perutz Labs, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9/3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
Susan R WeissDepartment of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Michael WorobeyDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
Kristian G AndersenDepartment of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
Robert F GarryDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD 20876, USA.
Andrew RambautInstitute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK. Electronic address: a.rambaut@ed.ac.uk.
Funding
Specific and Broadly Active Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Against The FilovirusesU19AI142790 · NIAID · LA JOLLA INSTITUTE FOR IMMUNOLOGY · PI SAPHIRE, ERICA OLLMANN · 2019 to 2023
$40.0MTechnology CoreU19AI135995 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI Bryan Briney · 2018 to 2026
$32.0MScripps Translational Science InstituteUL1TR002550 · NCATS · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI TOPOL, ERIC JEFFREY · 2018 to 2022
$28.9MWest African Emerging Infectious Disease Research Center (WA-EIDRC)U01AI151812 · NIAID · SCRIPPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE, THE · PI ANDERSEN, KRISTIAN GRAUGAARD, GARRY, ROBERT F · 2020 to 2024
$13.2MControl of Viral Pathogenesis by Regulation of 2-5A LevelsR01AI104887 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI SILVERMAN, ROBERT H., WEISS, SUSAN R · 2013 to 2023
$7.6MStructure-based design of novel Lassa virus glycoproteins for vaccine developmentR01AI132244 · NIAID · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI GARRY, ROBERT F · 2017 to 2021
$6.5MPreclinical evaluation of a potent Lassa fever immunotherapeutic antibody cocktailR01AI132223 · NIAID · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI GARRY, ROBERT F · 2017 to 2021
$5.7MUtilize Microbial Metagenomics for Viral Pathogen CharacterizationU54HG007480 · NHGRI · REDEEMER'S UNIVERSITY · PI HAPPI, CHRISTIAN T. · 2017 to 2022
$5.5MMERS coronavirus: antagonism of double-stranded RNA induced host response by accessory proteinsR01AI140442 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Susan R Weiss · 2018 to 2026
$5.1MAutomation and Evaluation of Real-Time Transmission Network-Based HIV Prevention Services in New York CityR01AI135992 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI WERTHEIM, JOEL OKRENT · 2018 to 2022
$3.6MDevelopment of a High-Throughput Microfluidics-Enabled Functional Assay for Rapidly Identifying Neutralizing AntibodiesR01AI141607 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI-COLUMBIA · PI DE FIGUEIREDO, PAUL, HAN, ARUM · 2019 to 2023
$3.4MGenetic and ecological determinants of coronavirus recombinationR01AI149693 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI ANTHONY, SIMON J · 2020 to 2023
$2.0MMedical Research Council MC_PC_15068Medical Research Council MC_UU_12014/12Medical Research Council MR/W005611/1NCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002550NHGRI NIH HHS U54 HG007480NIAID NIH HHS F32 AI152341NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI067416NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI104887NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI132223NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI132244NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI135992NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI140442NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI141607NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI149693NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI138564NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI139738NIAID NIH HHS R21 AI157147NIAID NIH HHS U01 AI151812NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI135995NIAID NIH HHS U19 AI142790Wellcome Trust
Abstract
Since the first reports of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-like coronavirus in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, there has been intense interest in understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in the human population. Recent debate has coalesced around two competing ideas: a "laboratory escape" scenario and zoonotic emergence. Here, we critically review the current scientific evidence that may help clarify the origin of SARS-CoV-2.
Indexed as
AnimalsBiological EvolutionCOVID-19HumansLaboratoriesSARS-CoV-2ZoonosesCOVID-19evolutionoriginsSARS-CoV-2zoonosis
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.