ArticleNeurotoxicology2021
Dietary fluoride intake during pregnancy and neurodevelopment in toddlers: A prospective study in the progress cohort.
Article in Neurotoxicology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fluoride and Neurodevelopmental Hazard Modelling: An Assessment of Concentration-Response Analysis.Community dentistry and oral epidemiology · 2026Pooled it
- Fluoride Exposure and Children's IQ Scores: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JAMA pediatrics · 2025Pooled it
- Chronic Fluoride Exposure Disrupts Calcium-Dependent Neurodevelopmental Signalling and Brain Proteomic Architecture: Multi-Target Modulation by Naringin.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
- Grape Seed Proanthocyanins Extract Ameliorates the Neurotoxicity Induced by Fluoride Through mTOR/p70s6k Signaling Pathway in Vivo and in Vitro.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2026Article
- Protective versus risky: the complex relationship between prenatal fluoride exposure and birth outcomes in a Chinese large-scale population study.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2026Article
- Community Water Fluoridation and Birth Outcomes.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Mechanisms of neurotoxicity of fluoride or aluminum: implications for neurodegenerative disease risk.Current research in toxicology · 2026Review
- International fluoride symposium: effects of fluoride on human health and its mechanisms of action - a meeting report.BMC proceedings · 2025Article
- Updated consumer risk assessment of fluoride in food and drinking water including the contribution from other sources of oral exposure.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2025Article
- How the public's knowledge, attitudes, and practice intersect with scientific evidence about fluoride.Current problems in pediatric and adolescent health care · 2025Article
- Tooth decay prevention and neurodevelopmental disorder risk following childhood fluoride exposure.BMC pediatrics · 2025Article
- Prenatal and Childhood Exposure to Fluoride and Cognitive Development: Findings from the Longitudinal MINIMat Cohort in Rural Bangladesh.Environmental health perspectives · 2025Article
- Correlation of fluoride intake with haemoglobin level and intelligence quotient in 8-12 year aged children: an observational study from India.BMC public health · 2025Observational
- Role of SIRT1 in Potentially Toxic Trace Elements (Lead, Fluoride, Aluminum and Cadmium) Associated Neurodevelopmental Toxicity.Biological trace element research · 2024Review
- Fluoride content in table salt from the Element Project in Mexico City.Salud publica de Mexico · 2024Article
- Associations between Dietary Patterns, Fluoride Intake and Excretion in Women Exposed to Fluoridated Salt: A Preliminary Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Water Fluoridation and Birth Outcomes in California.Environmental health perspectives · 2024Article
- Maternal Urinary Fluoride and Child Neurobehavior at Age 36 Months.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Fluoride exposure and thyroid hormone levels in pregnancy: The MIREC cohort.Environment international · 2024Article
- Prenatal fluoride exposure, offspring visual acuity and autonomic nervous system function in 6-month-old infants.Environment international · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Foods and beverages provide a source of fluoride exposure in Mexico. While high fluoride concentrations are neurotoxic, recent research suggests that exposures within the optimal range may also pose a risk to the developing brain. This prospective study examined whether dietary fluoride intake during pregnancy is associated with toddlers' neurodevelopment in 103 mother-child pairs from the PROGRESS cohort in Mexico City. Food and beverage fluoride intake was assessed in trimesters 2 and 3 using a food frequency questionnaire and Mexican tables of fluoride content. We used the Bayley-III to evaluate cognitive, motor, and language outcomes at 12 and 24 months of age. Adjusted linear regression models were generated for each neurodevelopment assessment time point (12 and 24 months). Mixed-effects models were used to consider a repeated measurement approach. Interactions between maternal fluoride intake and child sex on neurodevelopmental outcomes were tested. Median (IQR) dietary fluoride intake during pregnancy was 1.01 mg/d (0.73, 1.32). Maternal fluoride intake was not associated with cognitive, language, or motor outcomes collapsing across boys and girls. However, child sex modified the association between maternal fluoride intake and cognitive outcome (p interaction term = 0.06). A 0.5 mg/day increase in overall dietary fluoride intake was associated with a 3.50-point lower cognitive outcome in 24-month old boys (95 % CI: -6.58, -0.42); there was no statistical association with girls (β = 0.07, 95 % CI: -2.37, 2.51), nor on the cognitive outcome at 12-months of age. Averaging across the 12- and 24-month cognitive outcomes using mixed-effects models revealed a similar association: a 0.5 mg/day increase in overall dietary fluoride intake was associated with a 3.46-point lower cognitive outcome in boys (95 % CI: -6.23, -0.70). These findings suggest that the development of nonverbal abilities in males may be more vulnerable to prenatal fluoride exposure than language or motor abilities, even at levels within the recommended intake range.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.