ArticleCancer cell2021
Activating a collaborative innate-adaptive immune response to control metastasis.
Article in Cancer cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 147 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
147 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 268 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the role of M2 TAMs in ovarian cancer dynamics: a systematic review.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Pooled it
- TIR domain proteins: regulatory mechanisms in the tumor immune microenvironment, clinical translation strategies, and prospects for precision therapy applications.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Pooled it
- Pathophysiological roles of monocytes and macrophages in cancer.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Advances in Living Cell-Mediated Nanodrug Delivery Systems: Construction Strategies, Applications and Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Article
- MERTK inhibition cooperates with immunomodulatory cyclophosphamide to induce CXCL9⁺ monocyte-macrophage programming and durable antitumor immunity in triple negative breast cancer.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- FGFR Inhibitor AZD4547 Disrupts Inflammatory CAF Crosstalk With Cancer Cells and Macrophages and Attenuates Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- The MHCII Immune Activation Score predicts risk of recurrence and benefit of taxanes in Basallike and HER2-enriched breast cancer.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- CXCL9/SPP1-polarized tumor-associated macrophages exert dual roles in regulating anti-tumor immunity in lung adenocarcinoma.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2026Article
- A novel secretory protein, circVEGFC-182aa, promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression by inducing M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages via regulating the TGF-β pathway.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Nanotechnology in Cancer Therapy: How Nanoparticles Are Shaping the Future of Personalized Treatment.ACS nano medicine · 2026Review
- The type-I interferon priming signal balances antibacterial and antitumor trained immunity in alveolar macrophages.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Article
- Betrixaban activates cGAS and ERVs to promote dual nucleic-sensing antiviral immunity.EMBO molecular medicine · 2026Article
- Biomimetic proteolipid vesicles delivering small activating RNA to activate the macrophage immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Comparative single cell analysis of wound and cancer identifies the metabolic dialogues between tumor initiating stem cells and macrophages.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophage clusters in ovarian cancer: a single-cell transcriptomic analysis and prognostic model.BioData mining · 2026Article
- The double-edged sword role of tumor-associated macrophages: preventing or causing resistance to immunotherapy.Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR · 2026Review
- Pan-cancer gene signature analysis of macrophage polarization and compound prediction for reprogramming tumor-associated macrophages toward M1-like macrophages.Cancer pathogenesis and therapy · 2026Article
- CD4Cancer biology & medicine · 2026Review
87 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote metastasis and inhibit T cells, but macrophages can be polarized to kill cancer cells. Macrophage polarization could thus be a strategy for controlling cancer. We show that macrophages from metastatic pleural effusions of breast cancer patients can be polarized to kill cancer cells with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) and interferon (IFN) γ. MPLA + IFNγ injected intratumorally or intraperitoneally reduces primary tumor growth and metastasis in breast cancer mouse models, suppresses metastasis, and enhances chemotherapy response in an ovarian cancer model. Both macrophages and T cells are critical for the treatment's anti-metastatic effects. MPLA + IFNγ stimulates type I IFN signaling, reprograms CD206
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.