ArticlePloS one2021
COVID-19 prevalence, symptoms, and sociodemographic disparities in infection among insured pregnant women in Northern California.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers.
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Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Newborn IgG and IgM antibodies to maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in maternal infections during pregnancy: administrative health data evidence from a large UK urban area with high levels of inequality.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Maternal Coronavirus Disease 2019 Test Positivity and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Outcomes for Infants Born Extremely Preterm.The Journal of pediatrics · 2026Article
- Food Insecurity in Pregnancy, Receipt of Food Assistance, and Perinatal Complications.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- The association of maternal COVID-19-infection during pregnancy on the neonatal immune profile and associations with later diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2025Article
- Maternal COVID-19 Infection during Pregnancy among Children Born between 3/2020 and 2/2023 and Potential Disparities.Journal of community medicine & public health · 2025Article
- The prevalence of feigning and concealment of Covid-19 infections in an international sample.Journal of health psychology · 2024Article
- Differences in delivery hospitalization experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic by maternal race and ethnicity, Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, 2020.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2024Article
- Polymerase chain reaction-positivity and predictors for SARS-CoV-2 infection among diagnosed cases' in North West Ethiopia.Health science reports · 2023Article
- COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake and Hesitancy among Pregnant and Lactating Women in Saudi Arabia.Vaccines · 2023Article
- Efforts and expectations of pregnant women against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a phenomenological study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Article
- Social determinants of health associated with COVID-19 severity during pregnancy: a multinational cohort study (in the International Registry of Coronavirus Exposure in Pregnancy).BMC public health · 2022Observational
- The Unequal Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Infant Health.Demography · 2022Article
- Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of pregnant women and neonates with COVID-19 in Northwest Mexico.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2022Article
- Latina mothers navigating COVID-19: Within- and between-family stress processes over time.Family relations · 2022Article
- Coping strategies for COVID-19 pandemic-related stress and mental health during pregnancy.Journal of affective disorders · 2022Article
- Article
- ARIMA model forecasting analysis of the prices of multiple vegetables under the impact of the COVID-19.PloS one · 2022Article
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 ) IgG-antibody seroprevalence among quarantined population, during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic, In North West Ethiopia (from 30 April to 30 May 2020).SAGE open medicine · 2022Article
- Contributions of COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Stressors to Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health During Pregnancy.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundResearch on COVID-19 during pregnancy has mainly focused on women hospitalized for COVID-19 or other reasons during their pregnancy. Little is known about COVID-19 in the general population of pregnant women.
objectiveTo describe the prevalence of COVID-19, symptoms, consequent healthcare use, and possible sources of COVID-19 exposure among a population-based sample of pregnant women residing in Northern California.
methodsWe analyzed data from 19,458 members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California who were pregnant between January 2020 and April 2021 and responded to an online survey about COVID-19 testing, diagnosis, symptoms, and their experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Medical diagnosis of COVID-19 during pregnancy was defined separately by self-report and by documentation in electronic health records (EHR). We examined relationships of COVID-19 with sociodemographic factors, underlying comorbidities, and survey measures of COVID-19-like symptoms, consequent healthcare utilization, and possible COVID-19 exposures.
resultsAmong 19,458 respondents, the crude prevalence of COVID-19 was 2.5% (n = 494) according to self-report and 1.4% (n = 276) according to EHR. After adjustment, the prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women aged <25 years compared with women aged ≥35 years (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.49) and among Hispanic women compared with White women (PR, 1.91, 95% CI: 1.53, 2.37). Prevalence of self-reported COVID-19 was higher among women affected by personal or partner job loss during the pandemic (PR, 1.23, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.47) and among women living in areas of high vs. low neighborhood deprivation (PR, 1.74, 95% CI: 1.33, 2.27). We did not observe differences in self-reported COVID-19 between women with and without underlying comorbidities. Results were similar for EHR-documented COVID-19. Loss of smell or taste was a unique and common symptom reported among women with COVID-19 (42.3% in self-reported; 54.0% in EHR-documented). Among women with symptomatic COVID-19, approximately 2% were hospitalized, 71% had a telehealth visit, and 75% quarantined at home. Over a third of women with COVID-19 reported no known exposure to someone with COVID-19.
conclusionsObserved COVID-19 prevalence differences by sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors underscore social and health inequities among reproductive-aged women. Women with COVID-19 reported unique symptoms and low frequency of hospitalization. Many were not aware of an exposure to someone with COVID-19.
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