ArticleAmino acids2022
Free threonine in human breast milk is related to infant intestinal microbiota composition.
Article in Amino acids, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum metabolic signatures of nutritional status in early childhood: results from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019).European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Whey as an Environmental Issue and Its Possible Solutions: Its Utilization as Culture Medium to Produce L-Threonine ThroughBiochemistry research international · 2026Review
- Human Milk Microbiota Across Lactation Stages and Free Glutamate Concentrations in Healthy Ecuadorian Women.Nutrients · 2025Article
- Relationship between the components of mare breast milk and foal gut microbiome: shaping gut microbiome development after birth.The veterinary quarterly · 2024Article
- Metabolic Alterations in Mothers Living with HIV and Their HIV-Exposed, Uninfected Infants.Viruses · 2024Article
- Effects of lysine and threonine on milk yield, amino acid metabolism, and fecal microbiota of Yili lactating mares.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Possible role of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in post-translational modifications in human breast milk during the neonatal period.Amino acids · 2022Article
- Dietary amino acids and intestinal microbiota.Amino acids · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAccumulating evidence indicates that free amino acids (FAA) might be bioactive compounds with potential immunomodulatory capabilities. However, the FAA composition in human milk is still poorly characterized with respect to its correlation to maternal serum levels and its physiological significance for the infant. Studies addressing the relation of human milk FAA to the infants' intestinal microbiota are still missing.
methodsAs part of a pilot study, maternal serum and breast milk FAA concentrations as well as infant intestinal microbiota (16S rRNA) were determined 2 months after birth. The study cohort consisted of 41 healthy mothers and their term delivered, healthy infants with normal birthweight. The relationship between maternal serum and milk FAA was determined by correlation analyses. Associations between (highly correlated) milk FAA and infant intestinal beta diversity were tested using PERMANOVA, LefSe and multivariate regression models adjusted for common confounders.
resultsSeven breast milk FAA correlated significantly with serum concentrations. One of these, threonine showed a negative association with abundance of members of the class Gammaproteobacteria (R
conclusionOur study is the first to suggest potential interactions between breast milk FAA and infant gut microbiota composition during early lactation. The results might be indicative of a potential protective role of threonine against members of the Enterobacteriaceae family in breast-fed infants. Still, results are based on correlation analyses and larger cohorts are needed to support the findings and elucidate possible underlying mechanisms to assess the complex interplay between breast milk FAA and infant intestinal microbiota in detail.
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