ArticleJournal of medical Internet research2021
Evaluation of Changes in Depression, Anxiety, and Social Anxiety Using Smartphone Sensor Features: Longitudinal Cohort Study.
Article in Journal of medical Internet research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 50 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
50 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dropout, Attrition, Adherence, and Compliance in Mood Monitoring and Ambulatory Assessment Studies for Depression and Bipolar Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mental health · 2026Pooled it
- Digital phenotyping for mental health conditions: a systematic review of implementation and application.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Pooled it
- Adverse Events of Mood Monitoring and Ambulatory Assessment in Depression and Bipolar Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR mental health · 2025Pooled it
- The Relation Between Passively Collected GPS Mobility Metrics and Depressive Symptoms: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Pooled it
- The integration of geographic methods and ecological momentary assessment in public health research: A systematic review of methods and applications.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2024Pooled it
- Digital Phenotyping for Stress, Anxiety, and Mild Depression: Systematic Literature Review.JMIR mHealth and uHealth · 2024Pooled it
- Digital Phenotyping for Monitoring Mental Disorders: Systematic Review.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Pooled it
- A Systematic Review of Location Data for Depression Prediction.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Pooled it
- Digital phenotype of mood disorders: A conceptual and critical review.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Modeling Short-Term Symptom Changes and Behavioral Subtypes of Depression and Anxiety in the General Population: Observational Study Using Smartphone Data.JMIR formative research · 2026Observational
- The impact of sleep and movement behaviour on daily mood in people with type 2 diabetes: A smartphone-based digital phenotyping study.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Article
- Digital Biomarkers in Depression: Integrating DSM-5-TR Symptomatology and RDoC Psychological Systems.Current psychiatry reports · 2026Review
- The impact of physical activity on adolescent social anxiety: a growth curve model analysis.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- H3-MOSAIC: multimodal generative AI for semantic place detection from high-frequency GPS on H3 grids in mental health geomatics.International journal of health geographics · 2025Article
- Differential associations of passively sensed behaviors with in-vivo depression symptoms.Journal of psychopathology and clinical science · 2025Article
- Personalised modelling of routine variability and affective states.NPJ digital medicine · 2025Article
- Integration of Multi-Modal Biosensing Approaches for Depression: Current Status, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Fourier Transform Analysis of GPS-Derived Mobility Patterns for Diagnosis and Mood Monitoring of Bipolar and Major Depressive Disorders: Prospective Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Observational
- Digital health technologies in the accelerating medicines Partnership® Schizophrenia Program.Schizophrenia (Heidelberg, Germany) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe assessment of behaviors related to mental health typically relies on self-report data. Networked sensors embedded in smartphones can measure some behaviors objectively and continuously, with no ongoing effort.
objectiveThis study aims to evaluate whether changes in phone sensor-derived behavioral features were associated with subsequent changes in mental health symptoms.
methodsThis longitudinal cohort study examined continuously collected phone sensor data and symptom severity data, collected every 3 weeks, over 16 weeks. The participants were recruited through national research registries. Primary outcomes included depression (8-item Patient Health Questionnaire), generalized anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale), and social anxiety (Social Phobia Inventory) severity. Participants were adults who owned Android smartphones. Participants clustered into 4 groups: multiple comorbidities, depression and generalized anxiety, depression and social anxiety, and minimal symptoms.
resultsA total of 282 participants were aged 19-69 years (mean 38.9, SD 11.9 years), and the majority were female (223/282, 79.1%) and White participants (226/282, 80.1%). Among the multiple comorbidities group, depression changes were preceded by changes in GPS features (Time: r=-0.23, P=.02; Locations: r=-0.36, P<.001), exercise duration (r=0.39; P=.03) and use of active apps (r=-0.31; P<.001). Among the depression and anxiety groups, changes in depression were preceded by changes in GPS features for Locations (r=-0.20; P=.03) and Transitions (r=-0.21; P=.03). Depression changes were not related to subsequent sensor-derived features. The minimal symptoms group showed no significant relationships. There were no associations between sensor-based features and anxiety and minimal associations between sensor-based features and social anxiety.
conclusionsChanges in sensor-derived behavioral features are associated with subsequent depression changes, but not vice versa, suggesting a directional relationship in which changes in sensed behaviors are associated with subsequent changes in symptoms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.