ArticleFrontiers in immunology
Nasal Administration of Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibody (Foralumab) Reduces Lung Inflammation and Blood Inflammatory Biomarkers in Mild to Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study.
Article in Frontiers in immunology. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment of Foralumab Safety and Modulation of Microglial Activation Evaluated by PET Imaging in Patients With Early Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease
A Phase 2a Study to Evaluate Microglial Activation, Safety, and Clinical Effects of Foralumab Nasal in Patients With Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- Drug treatments for mild or moderate covid-19: systematic review and network meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025Pooled it
- Higher- versus Lower-Dose Corticosteroids for Severe to Critical COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2023Pooled it
- Systemic corticosteroids for the treatment of COVID-19: Equity-related analyses and update on evidence.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2022Pooled it
- Nasal administration of anti-CD3 mAb (Foralumab) downregulatesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Trial
- Intranasal Anti-CD3 Antibody Treatment Attenuates Post-COVID Neuroinflammation and Enhances Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive Function in Mice.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A humanized monoclonal antibody attenuates fentanyl self-administration and reverses and prevents fentanyl-induced ventilatory depression in rhesus monkeys.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Nasal anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody ameliorates traumatic brain injury, enhances microglial phagocytosis and reduces neuroinflammation via IL-10-dependent TNature neuroscience · 2025Article
- Nasal administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody ameliorates disease in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2023Article
- Lymphocyte-Related Immunomodulatory Therapy with Siponimod (BAF-312) Improves Outcomes in Mice with Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage.Aging and disease · 2023Article
- Nasal sprays for treating COVID-19: a scientific note.Pharmacological reports : PR · 2023Review
- TriTECM: A tetrafunctional T-cell engaging antibody with built-in risk mitigation of cytokine release syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Nasal administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody modulates effector CD8+ T cell function and induces a regulatory response in T cells in human subjects.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
19 authors at 5 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundImmune hyperactivity is an important contributing factor to the morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 infection. Nasal administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody downregulates hyperactive immune responses in animal models of autoimmunity through its immunomodulatory properties. We performed a randomized pilot study of fully-human nasal anti-CD3 (Foralumab) in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 to determine if its immunomodulatory properties had ameliorating effects on disease.
methodsThirty-nine outpatients with mild to moderate COVID-19 were recruited at Santa Casa de Misericordia de Santos in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Patients were randomized to three cohorts: 1) Control, no Foralumab (n=16); 2) Nasal Foralumab (100ug/day) given for 10 consecutive days with 6 mg dexamethasone given on days 1-3 (n=11); and 3) Nasal Foralumab alone (100ug/day) given for 10 consecutive days (n=12). Patients continued standard of care medication.
resultsWe observed reduction of serum IL-6 and C-reactive protein in Foralumab alone
conclusionsThis pilot study suggests that nasal Foralumab is well tolerated and may be of benefit in treatment of immune hyperactivity and lung involvement in COVID-19 disease and that further studies are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.