ArticleScientific reports2021
Effectiveness of the natural resistance management refuge for Bt-cotton is dominated by local abundance of soybean and maize.
Article in Scientific reports, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of resistance to Bt proteins Cry1Ac and Vip3Aa on flight traits of Helicoverpa zea.Pest management science · 2026Article
- Predicting Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations in the southern United States.Environmental entomology · 2026Article
- Helicoverpa zea selected on Bt corn have wing shapes better suited to long distance flight.Environmental entomology · 2026Article
- Using Egg Parasitoids to Manage Caterpillars in Soybean and Maize: Benefits, Challenges, and Major Recommendations.Insects · 2024Review
- Rapid Adaptation and Interspecific Introgression in the North American Crop Pest Helicoverpa zea.Molecular biology and evolution · 2024Article
- Continental-scale migration patterns and origin of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) based on a biogeochemical marker.Environmental entomology · 2024Article
- Ecological interactions, host plant defenses, and control strategies in managing soybean looper,Frontiers in insect science · 2024Review
- Factors Affecting Population Dynamics ofInsects · 2023Article
- Magnitude and Extent ofInsects · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Genetically engineered crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins have transformed insect management in maize and cotton, reducing insecticide use and associated off-target effects. To mitigate the risk that pests evolve resistance to Bt crops, the US Environmental Protection Agency requires resistance management measures. The approved resistance management plan for Bt maize in cotton production regions requires a structured refuge of non-Bt maize equal to 20% of the maize planted; that for Bt cotton relies on the presence of an unstructured natural refuge comprising both non-Bt crop and non-crop hosts. We examined how abundance of Bt crops (cotton and maize) and an important non-Bt crop (soybean) component of the natural refuge affect resistance to Bt Cry1Ac toxin in local populations of Helicoverpa zea, an important lepidopteran pest impacted by Bt cotton and maize. We show refuge effectiveness is responsive to local abundances of maize and cotton and non-Bt soybean, and maize, in its role as a source of H. zea infesting cotton and non-Bt hosts, influences refuge effectiveness. These findings have important implications for commercial and regulatory decisions regarding deployment of Bt toxins targeting H. zea in maize, cotton, and other crops and for assumptions regarding efficacy of natural refuges.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.