ArticleNature communications2021
Neural evidence for lexical parafoveal processing.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed.
- Magnetoencephalography in human neuroscience research: planning, piloting, implementation and quality assurance.Nature protocols · 2026Review
- Lexical word processing is unaffected by rapid invisible frequency tagging in reading: Evidence from eye movements.Psychonomic bulletin & review · 2026Article
- Dynamic competition between bottom-up saliency and top-down goals in early visual cortex.Communications biology · 2026Article
- The role of reading direction fluency in parafoveal information extraction.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Fast hierarchical processing of orthographic and semantic parafoveal information during natural reading.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Higher baseline alpha power is associated with faster responses in visual search.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Article
- Guided visual search is associated with target boosting and distractor suppression in early visual cortex.Communications biology · 2025Article
- Dissociating external and internal attentional selection.iScience · 2025Article
- Flexible word position coding in reading: Roles for attention and memory.Memory & cognition · 2025Article
- Using Rapid Invisible Frequency Tagging (RIFT) to Probe the Neural Interaction Between Representations of Speech Planning and Comprehension.Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- Bi-temporal processing in music notation reading: a theory linking prediction, memory, and automaticity.Frontiers in cognition · 2025Article
- An early effect of the parafoveal preview on post-saccadic processing of English words.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2025Article
- Naturalistic reading of multi-page texts elicits spatially extended modulation of oscillatory activity in the right hemisphere.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Fast Feature- and Category-Related Parafoveal Previewing Support Free Visual Exploration.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Article
- Challenges and Approaches in the Study of Neural Entrainment.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2024Review
- Eye tracking study in children to assess mental calculation and eye movements.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Reduced spatial attentional distribution in older adults.Journal of vision · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
In spite of the reduced visual acuity, parafoveal information plays an important role in natural reading. However, competing models on reading disagree on whether words are previewed parafoveally at the lexical level. We find neural evidence for lexical parafoveal processing by combining a rapid invisible frequency tagging (RIFT) approach with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and eye-tracking. In a silent reading task, target words are tagged (flickered) subliminally at 60 Hz. The tagging responses measured when fixating on the pre-target word reflect parafoveal processing of the target word. We observe stronger tagging responses during pre-target fixations when followed by low compared with high lexical frequency targets. Moreover, this lexical parafoveal processing is associated with individual reading speed. Our findings suggest that reading unfolds in the fovea and parafovea simultaneously to support fluent reading.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.