ReviewJournal of biosciences2021
Polymyxins, the last-resort antibiotics: Mode of action, resistance emergence, and potential solutions.
Review in Journal of biosciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 209 citations in OpenAlex.
- Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- An Open-Label Split-Body Clinical Trial Evaluating Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Canine Acute Otitis Externa.Veterinary dermatology · 2026Article
- Global distribution and genomic characteristics ofInfectious medicine · 2026Article
- Upregulation of the Outer Membrane Protein OmpV and Its Role in Polymyxin B Stress Adaptation inMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Antibiotic resistance mechanisms and global resistance patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in microbial keratitis.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles promote membrane repair and tolerance to polymyxin B.Science advances · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Extensively Drug-ResistantPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Beyond β-Lactams: Defining the Role of Eravacycline in Multidrug-Resistant and Metallo-β-Lactamase-Producing Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Dynamic heterogeneity in an E. coli stress response regulon mediates gene activation and antimicrobial peptide tolerance.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Temporal Trends in Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Antibiotic Consumption: A Six-year Longitudinal Surveillance Study : Temporal Trends of Resistance and Consumption of Antibiotics to K. pneumoniae.Journal of epidemiology and global health · 2026Article
- Genomic evidence of convergence of multidrug resistance and enhanced virulence in carbapenem- and colistin-resistantMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Deciphering the Emergence of Biofilm-Independent Colistin Persistence and Resistance inAntibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Direct interaction between phosphotransferase LpxT and ArnT modulates polymyxin B resistance inMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Polymyxin-Resistant Escherichia coli Found in Vegetables from Brazil: An Emerging Public Health Concern.Current microbiology · 2026Article
- Prevalence of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria carrying mcr genes in freshwater aquaculture systems of Southern Odisha, India.Folia microbiologica · 2026Article
- Magnesium depletion by Candida albicans unleashes two unusual modes of colistin resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa with different fitness costs.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- Polymyxin heteroresistance inJournal of medical microbiology · 2026Article
- Review
- Breaking disulfide bonds in a weakly bactericidal α-defensin unleashes a potent antimicrobial peptide with an altered conformation.PLoS pathogens · 2026Article
- Silent Threat Evolution: Critically Important Carbapenem and Colistin Resistance Genes in the Natural Aquatic Environment.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Infections caused by multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity across the world. Indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics has seriously affected this situation. With the diminishing discovery of novel antibiotics, new treatment methods are urgently required to combat MDR pathogens. Polymyxins, the cationic lipopeptide antibiotics, discovered more than half a century ago, are considered to be the last-line of antibiotics available at the moment. This antibiotic shows a great bactericidal effect against Gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxins primarily target the bacterial membrane and disrupt them, causing lethality. Because of their membrane interacting mode of action, polymyxins cause nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity in humans, limiting their usability. However, recent modifications in their chemical structure have been able to reduce the toxic effects. The development of better dosing regimens has also helped in getting better clinical outcomes in the infections caused by MDR pathogens. Since the mid1990s the use of polymyxins has increased manifold in clinical settings, resulting in the emergence of polymyxin-resistant strains. The risk posed by the polymyxin-resistant nosocomial pathogens such as the
Indexed as
Identifiers
34475315PMC8387214W3196876619What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.