ArticleDiabetes care2021
Early Menopause and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women With or Without Type 2 Diabetes: A Pooled Analysis of 9,374 Postmenopausal Women.
Article in Diabetes care, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 71 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between early menopause and adverse cardiovascular events in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis stratified by smoking status and type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Brazilian Guideline on Menopausal Cardiovascular Health - 2024.Arquivos brasileiros de cardiologia · 2024Guideline
- The J shaped association of age at menarche and cardiovascular events: systematic review and meta-analysis.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Cardiovascular Events Among Women with Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Reviews in cardiovascular medicine · 2023Pooled it
- Trial
- Impact of diabetes mellitus on the menopausal experience: A scoping review.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026Article
- Excessive Daytime Sleepiness, but Not Insomnia Is Associated With Dyslipidaemia in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Participating in ESADA.Journal of sleep research · 2026Article
- Obesity and female reproductive health in Asian population.Obesity pillars · 2026Review
- Estrogen deprivation induces hepatic inflammation, Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1, tryptophan catabolism, and plasma cholesterol.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Late-Onset Menopause Attenuates Aortic Stiffness in the Postmenopausal Period.Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) · 2026Article
- Cardiovascular risk prediction in women: rethinking traditional approaches through precision medicine.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Review
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Complications in Women and Young Adults.Current epidemiology reports · 2026Review
- Associations of Cardiocerebrovascular Risks and Exercise according to Menopausal Status in Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Nationwide Cohort Study.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Influence of Chronic Kidney Disease on the Relationship Between Menopausal Status and Major Cardiovascular Disease in Women.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Formate Reduces Ischemic Injury in Female Hearts Lacking Alcohol Dehydrogenase 5.FASEB bioAdvances · 2025Article
- Proteome organ aging and cardiometabolic risk in a population at risk for heart failure.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2025Article
- Article
- Association of polycystic ovary syndrome with endothelial health, cardiovascular risk, and cellular aging.Fertility and sterility · 2025Article
- Early menopause is associated with higher disease activity independent of inflammation in postmenopausal-onset rheumatoid arthritis.BMC women's health · 2025Observational
- Psychosocial and behavioral risk patterns and risk of cardiovascular complications in people with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes research and clinical practice · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEarly menopause may be associated with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), coupled with early menopause, may result in even greater CVD risk in women. We examined CVD risk in women with early compared with normal-age menopause, with and without T2DM overall, and by race/ethnicity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND
methodsWe pooled data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and the Jackson Heart Study. We included women with data on menopausal status, menopausal age, and T2DM, excluding pre- or perimenopausal women and those with prevalent CVD. Outcomes included incident coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart failure (HF), and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) (CHD or stroke). We estimated the risk associated with early (<45 years) compared with normal-age menopause using Cox proportional hazards models. Covariates included age, race/ethnicity, education, BMI, blood pressure, cholesterol, smoking, alcohol consumption, antihypertensive medication, lipid-lowering medication, hormone therapy use, and pregnancy history.
resultsWe included 9,374 postmenopausal women for a median follow-up of 15 years. We observed 1,068 CHD, 659 stroke, 1,412 HF, and 1,567 ASCVD events. T2DM significantly modified the effect of early menopause on CVD risk. Adjusted hazard ratios for early menopause and the outcomes were greater in women with T2DM versus those without (CHD 1.15 [95% CI 1.00, 1.33] vs. 1.09 [1.03, 1.15]; stroke 1.21 [1.04, 1.40] vs. 1.10 [1.04, 1.16]; ASCVD 1.29 [1.09, 1.51] vs. 1.10 [1.04, 1.17]; HF 1.18 [1.00, 1.39] vs. 1.09 [1.03, 1.16]). The modifying effect of T2DM on the association between early menopause and ASCVD was only statistically significant in Black compared with White women.
conclusionsEarly menopause was associated with an increased risk for CVD in postmenopausal women. T2DM may further augment the risk, particularly in Black women.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.