ArticlePloS one2021
Examining sex differences in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric genetic risk in anxiety and depression.
Article in PloS one, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neurodevelopmental copy-number variants increase risk of internalizing and cardiometabolic multimorbidity: Findings from the UK Biobank.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in familial risk and genetic components of suicide attempts: a register-based cohort study in Sweden.BMJ mental health · 2026Article
- Implication of orexin transmission in chronic stress, hyperarousal, and neuroplasticity deficits: a mechanistic framework for depression and anxiety.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Recommendations for the Application of Sex and Gender Medicine in Preclinical, Epidemiological and Clinical Research.Journal of personalized medicine · 2024Review
- Exhaled patient derived aerosol dispersion during awake tracheal intubation with concurrent high flow nasal therapy.Journal of clinical monitoring and computing · 2023Observational
- [The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies between symptoms and anxiety problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].Zhongguo dang dai er ke za zhi = Chinese journal of contemporary pediatrics · 2023Article
- Sex and gender in neurodevelopmental conditions.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2023Review
- Immunomodulatory Role of CB2 Receptors in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2022Review
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Authors and funding
26 authors at 15 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Anxiety and depression are common mental health disorders and have a higher prevalence in females. They are modestly heritable, share genetic liability with other psychiatric disorders, and are highly heterogeneous. There is evidence that genetic liability to neurodevelopmental disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with anxiety and depression, particularly in females. We investigated sex differences in family history for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and neurodevelopmental genetic risk burden (indexed by ADHD polygenic risk scores (PRS) and rare copy number variants; CNVs) in individuals with anxiety and depression, also taking into account age at onset. We used two complementary datasets: 1) participants with a self-reported diagnosis of anxiety or depression (N = 4,178, 65.5% female; mean age = 41.5 years; N = 1,315 with genetic data) from the National Centre for Mental Health (NCMH) cohort and 2) a clinical sample of 13,273 (67.6% female; mean age = 45.2 years) patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC). We tested for sex differences in family history of psychiatric problems and presence of rare CNVs (neurodevelopmental and >500kb loci) in NCMH only and for sex differences in ADHD PRS in both datasets. In the NCMH cohort, females were more likely to report family history of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders, but there were no robust sex differences in ADHD PRS or presence of rare CNVs. There was weak evidence of higher ADHD PRS in females compared to males in the PGC MDD sample, particularly in those with an early onset of MDD. These results do not provide strong evidence of sex differences in neurodevelopmental genetic risk burden in adults with anxiety and depression. This indicates that sex may not be a major index of neurodevelopmental genetic heterogeneity, that is captured by ADHD PRS and rare CNV burden, in adults with anxiety and depression.
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