ArticleNature immunology2021
Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Nature immunology, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06142279 (Development and Qualification of Methods for Analyzing the Mucosal Immune Response to COVID-19), which is not on this map. Cited by 114 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Development and Qualification of Methods for Analyzing the Mucosal Immune Response to COVID-19
Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Intranasal administration of convalescent plasma protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.EBioMedicine · 2023Pooled it
- COVID-19 alters human microbiomes: a meta-analysis.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2023Pooled it
- Identifying novel host-based diagnostic biomarker panels for COVID-19: a whole-blood/nasopharyngeal transcriptome meta-analysis.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2022Pooled it
- COVID-19 and the Immune Response: A Multi-Phasic Approach to the Treatment of COVID-19.International journal of molecular sciences · 2022Pooled it
- Robust humoral and cellular recall responses to AZD1222 attenuate breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Trial
- Secreted ORF8 reprograms macrophages to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.Science advances · 2026Article
- Secreted ORF8 reprograms macrophages to enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection of lung epithelial cells.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Respiratory research · 2026Article
- Variant-Independent Association Between Clinical Symptoms and IgM/IgG Responses During the Transition from Pre-Omicron to Omicron SARS-CoV-2 Infections.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Mucosal antibody and cytokine responses to SARS-CoV-2 variants of concerns.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Distinct commensal bacteria in human nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue associated with localized immunological memory.iScience · 2026Article
- The adult nasal mucosa is defined by distinct immune profiles that modulate in-vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection.Research square · 2026Article
- Article
- Prolonged persistence of tissue-resident memory cells in the upper airway following SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Clinical & translational immunology · 2026Article
- Kinetics of IgA Subtypes and Cytokines in Respiratory Secretions Following Immunization With COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- Adaptive immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in DMARD-treated patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatisms.RMD open · 2025Article
- Nanoparticle-Driven Modulation of Mucosal Immunity and Interplay with the Microbiome.Journal of microbiology and biotechnology · 2025Review
- The nasal microbiome modulates risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection.EBioMedicine · 2025Article
- Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Epidemiological and immunological insights into respiratory infections in post-COVID-19.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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Authors and funding
21 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Coordinated local mucosal and systemic immune responses following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection either protect against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathologies or fail, leading to severe clinical outcomes. To understand this process, we performed an integrated analysis of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibodies, cytokines, viral load and bacterial communities in paired nasopharyngeal swabs and plasma samples from a cohort of clinically distinct patients with COVID-19 during acute infection. Plasma viral load was associated with systemic inflammatory cytokines that were elevated in severe COVID-19, and also with spike-specific neutralizing antibodies. By contrast, nasopharyngeal viral load correlated with SARS-CoV-2 humoral responses but inversely with interferon responses, the latter associating with protective microbial communities. Potential pathogenic microorganisms, often implicated in secondary respiratory infections, were associated with mucosal inflammation and elevated in severe COVID-19. Our results demonstrate distinct tissue compartmentalization of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses and highlight a role for the nasopharyngeal microbiome in regulating local and systemic immunity that determines COVID-19 clinical outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.