ArticleNature communications2021
Cytotoxic T cells are able to efficiently eliminate cancer cells by additive cytotoxicity.
Article in Nature communications, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 154 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
154 citing papers in PubMed, 227 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inspired nanotherapeutics chaperoning granzyme B for tumor immune remodeling.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Decoupling T cell cytotoxicity: a CCL21+ICAM1-based synthetic immune niche enhances tumor elimination by accelerating lytic hit delivery.BMC cancer · 2026Article
- Tumor gasdermin E acts as a rheostat to limit apoptotic cell survival and mutagenesis in anticancer immune environments.Science advances · 2026Article
- Automated measurement of CD8+ T-cell distribution at the tumor epithelial-stromal interface is associated with NSCLC immunotherapy benefit and transcriptomic pathways.Journal of pathology informatics · 2026Article
- Stiff matrix impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte function at multiple levels.Science advances · 2026Article
- Single-nucleus multimodal spatial transcriptomics reveals spatial colocalization of neoantigen-expressing tumor cells and cognate T cells.Nature biotechnology · 2026Article
- Segmentation-free analysis of live-cell imaging data reveals how T cell modifications influence cancer cell aggregation dynamics.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases 4 and 6 Inhibitors: An Emerging Therapeutic Framework from Growth Suppression to Tumor Clearance.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Review
- A lightweight TcrLM model predicts T cell receptor and epitope binding specificity.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- Glycocalyx micro- and nanodomains in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions revealed by enhanced click chemistry.Nature communications · 2026Article
- HIV- and cytomegalovirus-specific human memory CD8+ T cells are activated and expanded independent of co-stimulatory signaling by T-cell receptor-specific immunotherapeutics.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- T-Cell-Derived Exosomes From Multi Core Granules Exhibit Superior Caspase-3-Mediated Tumor-Suppressive Activity Compared to Those From Multivesicular Bodies.Journal of extracellular vesicles · 2026Article
- Bispecific antibodies and CAR T cells targeting a TP53 mutation-associated neoantigen show discordant affinity requirements.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Article
- In-situ ²²³Ra-doped calcium-alginate composite microspheres: a high-LET and immunoactivating platform for α-particle radioembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Advanced Microscopy Techniques.Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer · 2026Review
- Generation of In Vivo-Inspired 3D Collagen Models for Guided Tumor Invasion In Vitro.Current protocols · 2026Article
- Article
- Targeting solid tumors with TCR-T cells: mechanisms, progress, and challenges.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- An Exploratory in vitro Study of Cytotoxicity and Cytokine Profiling of Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells Against HCT-15 Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Cells.ImmunoTargets and therapy · 2026Article
- Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel Implants for Sustained Release of Oxaliplatin and Resiquimod to Prevent Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Post-Radiofrequency Ablation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
94 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Lethal hit delivery by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) towards B lymphoma cells occurs as a binary, "yes/no" process. In non-hematologic solid tumors, however, CTL often fail to kill target cells during 1:1 conjugation. Here we describe a mechanism of "additive cytotoxicity" by which time-dependent integration of sublethal damage events, delivered by multiple CTL transiting between individual tumor cells, mediates effective elimination. Reversible sublethal damage includes perforin-dependent membrane pore formation, nuclear envelope rupture and DNA damage. Statistical modeling reveals that 3 serial hits delivered with decay intervals below 50 min discriminate between tumor cell death or survival after recovery. In live melanoma lesions in vivo, sublethal multi-hit delivery is most effective in interstitial tissue where high CTL densities and swarming support frequent serial CTL-tumor cell encounters. This identifies CTL-mediated cytotoxicity by multi-hit delivery as an incremental and tunable process, whereby accelerating damage magnitude and frequency may improve immune efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.