ArticleSignal transduction and targeted therapy2021
Pro-inflammatory microenvironment and systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cell exacerbate lung pathology of old rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2.
Article in Signal transduction and targeted therapy, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 19 citations in OpenAlex.
- CXCR3 ameliorates neutrophil-dependent disease severity in SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulating CD4Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- From models to medicine: systematic development and evaluation of animal models forFrontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Ageing and dysregulated lung immune responses in fatal COVID-19.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2025Article
- High-Dimensional Immunophenotyping of Post-COVID-19 and Post-Influenza Patients Reveals Persistent and Specific Immune Signatures After Acute Respiratory Infection.Journal of medical virology · 2025Article
- A Primer on Proteomic Characterization of Intercellular Communication in a Virus Microenvironment.Molecular & cellular proteomics : MCP · 2025Review
- Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models.Zoological research · 2024Review
- Risk Factors for Long COVID in Older Adults.Biomedicines · 2023Review
- New genetic and epigenetic insights into the chemokine system: the latest discoveries aiding progression toward precision medicine.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2023Review
- SARS-CoV-2 Z-RNA activates the ZBP1-RIPK3 pathway to promote virus-induced inflammatory responses.Cell research · 2023Article
- Monitoring and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of laboratory rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Article
- Comparison of Lung-Homing Receptor Expression and Activation Profiles on NK Cell and T Cell Subsets in COVID-19 and Influenza.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Role of miR-584-5p in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Inflammation and Apoptosis.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Understanding the pathological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in an animal model is crucial for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we compared immunopathological changes in young and old rhesus macaques (RMs) before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection at the tissue level. Quantitative analysis of multiplex immunofluorescence staining images of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection specifically induced elevated levels of apoptosis, autophagy, and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)+ cells, and increased interferon α (IFN-α)- and interleukin 6 (IL-6)-secreting cells and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)+ cells in lung tissue of old RMs. This pathological pattern, which may be related to the age-related pro-inflammatory microenvironment in both lungs and spleens, was significantly correlated with the systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cells in lungs, spleens, and peripheral blood. Furthermore, the ratio of CXCR3+ to T-box protein expression in T cell (T-bet)+ (CXCR3+/T-bet+ ratio) in CD8+ cells may be used as a predictor of severe COVID-19. These findings uncovered the impact of aging on the immunopathology of early SARS-CoV-2 infection and demonstrated the potential application of CXCR3+ cells in predicting severe COVID-19.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.