ArticleEndocrine connections2021
Female-dominant estrogen production in healthy children before adrenarche.
Article in Endocrine connections, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 15 citations in OpenAlex.
- ADHD and Sex Hormones in Females: A Systematic Review.Journal of attention disorders · 2025Pooled it
- The sex-specific role of adrenal androgens in youth psychopathology.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Media matters: phenol red and fetal bovine serum estrogen in traditional cell culture media influence human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) processes and differentiation in a sex-biased manner.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Alfacalcidol plus calcium versus cholecalciferol in glucocorticoid-exposed children with nephrotic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.Clinical kidney journal · 2026Article
- Chromosomal and hormonal factors involved in human sexual dimorphism.Endocrine journal · 2026Review
- The testobolome in microbial testosterone metabolism and human health.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Review
- Nicotine combined with estrogen activates protein kinase PKCι and TAO, while inhibiting specific MAP kinase pathways in cultured human neurons: an atlas of kinase activities for nicotine use disorder.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Media Matters: Phenol Red and Fetal Bovine Serum Estrogen in Traditional Cell Culture Media Influence Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (hMSC) Processes and Differentiation in a Sex-Biased Manner.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Paraben exposures and satiety hormones in preschool children: an ENVIRONAGE study.Environmental research · 2025Article
- [Autoimmune Regulatory Gene (AIRE) and Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Down Syndrome].Revista medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social · 2025Article
- Defining the cell and molecular origins of the primate ovarian reserve.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Influence of biological sex in inflammatory bowel diseases.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2025Review
- Maternal pregnancy diet quality, night eating, and offspring metabolic health: the GUSTO study.Pediatric research · 2025Article
- Factors affecting prepubertal and pubertal bone age progression.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
20 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveUltra-sensitive hormone assays have detected slight sex differences in blood estradiol (E2) levels in young children before adrenarche. However, the origin of circulating E2 in these individuals remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify how E2 is produced in young girls before adrenarche.
designThis is a satellite project of the Japan Environment and Children's Study organized by the National Institute for Environmental Studies.
methodsWe collected blood samples from healthy 6-year-old Japanese children (79 boys and 71 girls). Hormone measurements and data analysis were performed in the National Institute for Environmental Studies and the Medical Support Center of the Japan Environment and Children's Study, respectively.
resultsE2 and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were significantly higher in girls than in boys, while dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and testosterone levels were comparable between the two groups. Girls showed significantly higher E2/testosterone ratios than boys. In children of both sexes, a correlation was observed between E2 and testosterone levels and between testosterone and DHEA-S levels. Moreover, E2 levels were correlated with FSH levels only in girls.
conclusionsThe results indicate that in 6-year-old girls, circulating E2 is produced primarily in the ovary from adrenal steroids through FSH-induced aromatase upregulation. This study provides evidence that female-dominant E2 production starts several months or years before adrenarche. The biological significance of E2 biosynthesis in these young children needs to be clarified in future studies.
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