ArticleJournal of orthopaedic surgery and research2021
Increasing transforming growth factor-beta concentrations with age decrease apelin in the rat rotator cuff.
Article in Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 4 citations in OpenAlex.
- Apelin: A Promising Therapeutic Target for Degenerative Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System.Aging and disease · 2025Review
- Electroconductivity, a regenerative engineering approach to reverse rotator cuff muscle degeneration.Regenerative biomaterials · 2023Review
- Engineered Decellularized Tendon Matrix Putty Preserves Native Tendon Bioactivity to Promote Cell Proliferation and Enthesis Repair.Journal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe rotator cuff undergoes natural degeneration with age, leading to age-related rotator cuff tear; however, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) concentrations rise with age and TGF-β contributes to the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle. TGF-β has also been shown to suppress expression of the myokine, apelin, in skin fibroblasts. We hypothesized that TGF-β expression in the rotator cuff changes with age and regulates apelin expression, thereby contributing to rotator cuff degeneration.
methodsWe used quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (Q-RT-PCR) to measure the expression of apelin and tendon-related genes (Tnmd, Col1a1, and Col3a1) in the rotator cuff of young (12 weeks), adult (24 weeks), and old (48 weeks) rats. Using Q-RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we also measured Tgfb mRNA and TGF-β protein levels, respectively. Furthermore, we used Q-RT-PCR to measure apelin mRNA levels in rotator cuff-derived cells after treatment with 0 (control) and 10 ng/mL recombinant TGF-β.
resultsApelin mRNA levels were significantly lower in old compared to young and adult rats. Similarly, tendon-related genes, Tnmd, Col1a1, and Col3a1, were significantly lower in adult and old rats than young rats. In contrast, Tgfb mRNA and TGF-β protein were significantly higher in old compared to young rats. Stimulation with exogenous TGF-β significantly decreased Apelin mRNA expression compared to control.
conclusionsTGF-β regulates apelin expression in the rotator cuff and may play a key role in the degenerative pathology of the rotator cuff with age.
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