Evidence map›Paper›PMID 34464593›Full record

ReviewMolecular cell2021

Exploiting dynamic enhancer landscapes to decode macrophage and microglia phenotypes in health and disease.

Ty D Troutman, Eric Kofman, Christopher K Glass

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Molecular cell, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 38 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
38citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

38 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Transcriptional regulation and function of GPR18 in macrophage subtype specification.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
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  2. Review
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  8. Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer disease.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Ty D TroutmanDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
Eric KofmanDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Christopher K GlassDepartment of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA. Electronic address: ckg@ucsd.edu.

Funding

Transgenic & Knock-out MouseP30DK063491 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Andrea L Hevener · 2003 to 2026
$40.4M
Tissue-specific roles of FXR in CVD and NASHP01HL147835 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI EVANS, RONALD M · 2020 to 2024
$12.2M
Transcriptional co-regulators and macrophage gene expressionR01DK091183 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GLASS, CHRISTOPHER K · 2011 to 2025
$9.9M
The Enhancer Code of AD-A Genetic ApproachR01AG056511 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GLASS, CHRISTOPHER K, ROSENFELD, MICHAEL G · 2018 to 2022
$5.3M
EXPERIMENTAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISMT32DK007044 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI Amit Majithia · 1986 to 2026
$4.6M
Mechanisms controlling human microglia gene expressionR01NS096170 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO · PI GLASS, CHRISTOPHER K · 2016 to 2025
$4.3M
NHLBI NIH HHS P01 HL147835NIA NIH HHS R01 AG056511NIDDK NIH HHS P30 DK063491NIDDK NIH HHS R01 DK091183NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007044NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS096170
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The development and functional potential of metazoan cells is dependent on combinatorial roles of transcriptional enhancers and promoters. Macrophages provide exceptionally powerful model systems for investigation of mechanisms underlying the activation of cell-specific enhancers that drive transitions in cell fate and cell state. Here, we review recent advances that have expanded appreciation of the diversity of macrophage phenotypes in health and disease, emphasizing studies of liver, adipose tissue, and brain macrophages as paradigms for other tissue macrophages and cell types. Studies of normal tissue-resident macrophages and macrophages associated with cirrhosis, obese adipose tissue, and neurodegenerative disease illustrate the major roles of tissue environment in remodeling enhancer landscapes to specify the development and functions of distinct macrophage phenotypes. We discuss the utility of quantitative analysis of environment-dependent changes in enhancer activity states as an approach to discovery of regulatory transcription factors and upstream signaling pathways.

Indexed as

Enhancer Elements, GeneticPromoter Regions, GeneticTranscriptional ActivationAnimalsCell LineageCellular MicroenvironmentHumansMacrophagesMicrogliaPhenotypeSignal TransductionTranscription FactorsTranscription FactorsAlzheimer's diseaseATAC-seqDisease associated microgliaenhancerepigeneticHematopoietic progenitor cellsHematopoietic stem cellshistone acetylationKupffer CellLipid associated macrophageslipopolysaccharideMacrophagemicrogliaNFkBNonalcoholic steatohepatitisobesityPU.1Scar associated macrophagesTLR4Trem2

Identifiers

PMID34464593
PMCPMC8500948

What OpenQuestion holds

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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.