ArticleiScience2021
Single-dose intranasal vaccination elicits systemic and mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2.
Article in iScience, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 91 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immunity and vaccine development.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Pooled it
- Review
- Nasal Nanoparticle Vaccine Induces a Cross-Strain T-Cell Immunity AgainstPharmaceutics · 2026Article
- An intramuscular prime-intranasal boost strategy for mRNA-LNP vaccine induces mucosal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in murine model.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- A BcfA-containing intranasal vaccine generated TNPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Intranasal Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Platforms: From Barrier Mechanisms to Clinical Translation.Vaccines · 2026Review
- The Application of Single-cell RNA Sequencing Technology in the Research of Sino-Nasal Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Intranasal replicon vaccine establishes mucosal immunity and protects against H5N1 and H7N9 influenza.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Next-generation intranasal influenza vaccines: mechanisms, platforms, and translational progress.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Early rise in nasal secretory IgA associated with shorter duration of SARS-CoV-2 virus shedding in an acute infection cohort.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Advances and prospects of respiratory mucosal vaccines: mechanisms, technologies, and clinical applications.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Intranasal booster induces durable mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Intranasal replicon SARS-CoV-2 vaccine produces protective respiratory and systemic immunity and prevents viral transmission.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2025Article
- SARS-CoV-2 infection primes cross-protective respiratory IgA in a MyD88- and MAVS-dependent manner.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Novel vaccine strategies to induce respiratory mucosal immunity: advances and implications.MedComm · 2025Review
- Immunization route-mediated differences in long-term maturation of humoral immune response induced by adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccine Sputnik V in nonhuman primates.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Intranasal Nanoliposomes Delivering Interferon Lambda with Enhanced Mucosal Retention as an Antiviral.Biomaterials research · 2025Article
- An intranasal nanoparticle vaccine elicits protective immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Vaccine · 2024Article
- A quadrivalent norovirus vaccine based on a chimpanzee adenovirus vector induces potent immunity in mice.Virologica Sinica · 2024Article
- Multi-antigen intranasal vaccine protects against challenge with sarbecoviruses and prevents transmission in hamsters.Nature communications · 2024Article
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the development and authorization of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), there is a need to validate vaccine platforms for broader application. The current intramuscular vaccines are designed to elicit systemic immunity without conferring mucosal immunity in the nasal compartment, which is the first barrier that SARS-CoV-2 virus breaches before dissemination to the lung. We report the development of an intranasal subunit vaccine that uses lyophilized spike protein and liposomal STING agonist as an adjuvant. This vaccine induces systemic neutralizing antibodies, IgA in the lung and nasal compartments, and T-cell responses in the lung of mice. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed the coordinated activation of T/B-cell responses in a germinal center-like manner within the nasal-associated lymphoid tissues, confirming its role as an inductive site to enable durable immunity. The ability to elicit immunity in the respiratory tract can prevent the establishment of infection in individuals and prevent disease transmission.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.