ArticleBiomaterials research2021
The effects of the molecular weights of hyaluronic acid on the immune responses.
Article in Biomaterials research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 77 papers.
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Who cites it
77 citing papers in PubMed, 152 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effect and Safety of Skincare Regimens Containing a Multi-Molecular Hyaluronic Acid Complex for Recovery After Ablative Fractional COJournal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Trial
- Acid-responsive nanoparticles with microneedles for anti‑inflammatory sonodynamic therapy of gouty arthritis.Drug delivery · 2026Article
- Hyaluronan fragments modulate inflammation in preeclampsia: a focus on Th17/Treg balance.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Article
- A viscosity-tunable microgel-in-sol phase for localized inner ear delivery of small hydrophilic drug.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Hydrogels in the Management of Peripheral Venous Disease: Bridging Material Design and Clinical Evidence.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Refractory Stasis Dermatitis Due to Chronic Venous Insufficiency With Psychosocial Worsening in 2 Septuagenarian Patients Treated With Hyaluronic Acid-Succinic Acid Intradermotherapy.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Early Osteogenic and Stromal Marker Responses of Osteoblast-like and Bone-Marrow Stromal Cell Lines to a Hyaluronic Acid-Coated Xenogeneic Bone Graft: An Exploratory In Vitro Analysis.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Microglia encapsulation in nanozyme-loaded hydrogels: response to oxidative stress and inflammation.Nanomedicine (London, England) · 2026Article
- Signaling Pathways Triggering Therapeutical Potential of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides in Alzheimer's Disease: A Recent Review.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Review
- Molecular Weight-Driven Tunable Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels Modulate Immune Polarization in Three-Dimensional Microenvironments.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- Control of immunogenic responses of microorganism-synthesized biopolymers for 3D bioprinting tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Intra-articular Methotrexate-Loaded Microsponge as an Adjuvant Strategy for Rheumatoid Arthritis: Localized Treatment with a Systemic Impact.ACS biomaterials science & engineering · 2026Article
- The Emerging Role of Hyaluronic Acid as a Multifunctional Regenerative Agent in Periodontal Healing.Gels (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Emerging Biomedical Engineering Therapies for Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Toward Antibacterial Functionalization and Pathology-Responsive Regulation.Small science · 2026Review
- Humoral immune responses to hyaluronan oligosaccharides in patients undergoing prosthetic valve surgery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Article
- Photocrosslinkable Chitosan Quaternary Ammonium Salt-Based Ternary Hydrogel with Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 for Diabetic Wound Healing.Biomaterials research · 2026Article
- Review
- IFITM3-expressing Lactobacillus plantarum (HA-r-LAB) as a probiotic vector for targeted immunotherapy against TGEV.Veterinary research · 2025Article
- Hyaluronan-Based Hybrid Systems as Growth Factor Carriers in the Treatment of Chronic Wounds.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
17 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe molecular weight of hyaluronic acid (HyA) depends on the type of organ in the body. When HyA of the desired molecular weight is implanted into the human body for regeneration of damaged tissue, it is degraded by hyaluronidase in associated with an inflammatory response. This study sought to evaluate the effects of HyA molecular weight and concentration on pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in murine macrophages.
methodsThe structures and molecular weights of HyAs (LMW-10, MMW-100, MMW-500, and HMW-1,500) were confirmed by
resultsMolecular weights of LMW-10, MMW-100, MMW-500, and HMW-1,500 were 13,241 ± 161, 96,531 ± 1,167, 512,657 ± 8,545, and 1,249,500 ± 37,477 Da, respectively. NO production by LPS-stimulated macrophages was decreased by increasing concentrations and molecular weights of HyA. At a high concentration of 100 µg/mL, HMW-1,500 reduced NO production in LPS-stimulated macrophages to about 45 %. Using NanoString technology, we also found that the immune-related genes TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-11, CCL2, and Arg1 were specifically over-expressed in LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with various molecular weights of HyA. An RT-PCR analysis of gene expression showed that HMW-1,500 decreased expression of classically activated (M1) macrophage genes, such as TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, and IL-1β, in LPS-stimulated macrophages, whereas medium molecular-weight HyA (MMW-100 and MMW-500) instead increased expression levels of these genes. HMW-1,500 at a high concentration (100 µg/mL) significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Expression of genes associated with anti-inflammatory responses (M2 phenotype), such as TGF-β1, IL-10, IL-11, and Arg1, were increased by high concentrations of MMW-500 and HMW-1,500 in LPS-stimulated macrophages.
conclusionsHigh molecular-weight HyA (i.e., > 1,250 kDa) inhibits pro-inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated macrophages and induces anti-inflammatory responses in a concentration dependent manner.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.