ArticleAnnals of internal medicine2021
Effect of Immunosuppression on the Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 : A Prospective Cohort Study.
Open access · greenAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Annals of internal medicine, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 229 papers, 11 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
229citing papers in PubMed, 11 pooled it
19.2field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
229 citing papers in PubMed, 11 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 314 citations in OpenAlex.
- Growing attention of immunogenicity among patients with autoimmune diseases post-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination: meta-analysis and systematic reviews of the current studies.Annals of medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in children and adult patients with rheumatic diseases: a comprehensive literature review.Rheumatology international · 2024Pooled it
- Systemic Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis in Children and Adolescents: A US Expert Consensus.Dermatology (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Guideline
- The effects of methotrexate on the immune responses to the COVID-19 vaccines in the patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: A systematic review of clinical evidence.Transplant immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic and thematic analysis of the top 100 cited articles on mRNA vaccine indexed in Scopus database.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Effectiveness and Durability of COVID-19 Vaccination in 9447 Patients With IBD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association · 2022Pooled it
- SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A systemic review and meta-analysis.Journal of the Chinese Medical Association : JCMA · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2022Pooled it
- French Vasculitis Study Group recommendations for the management of COVID-19 vaccination and prophylaxis in patients with systemic vasculitis.Presse medicale (Paris, France : 1983) · 2022Guideline
- Humoral immune response to polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine in healthy participants receiving efgartigimod: a randomized, open-label, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 1 trial.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of a fourth dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases using disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: an emulated target trial.The Lancet. Rheumatology · 2024Trial
- Trial
- COVID-19 outcomes among vaccinated and unvaccinated patients receiving disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and biologic therapies: a retrospective multihospital cohort study.Clinical rheumatology · 2026Article
- Pre-vaccine sentinel antibodies predict blunted vaccine responses.Cell press blue · 2026Article
- Article
- Vaccination in Oncology Patients: Evidence, Clinical Challenges, and Future Directions.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Risk of developing thyroid eye disease in patients with thyroid dysfunction that received a COVID-19 vaccination.Canadian journal of ophthalmology. Journal canadien d'ophtalmologie · 2026Article
- Humoral and cell mediated immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with immune-mediated diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
169 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
40 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Parakkal DeepakWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-3436-9784
Wooseob KimWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-9199-1000
Michael A PaleyWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0001-8724-3176
Monica YangUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).ORCID 0000-0002-2693-3648
Alexander B CarvidiUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).
Emanuel G DemissieUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).
Alia A El-QunniWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-0212-8094
Alem HaileWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Katherine HuangWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-5013-4790
Baylee KinnettWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Mariel J LiebeskindWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-4595-0651
Zhuoming LiuWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0001-8198-0976
Lily E McMorrowWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-2823-5859
Diana PaezUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).
Niti PawarUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).
Dana C PerantieWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Rebecca E SchrieferWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-7430-0626
Shannon E SidesWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Mahima ThapaWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Maté GergelyWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-1518-9198
Suha AbushammaWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-3156-7152
Sewuese AkuseWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-2381-4045
Michael KlebertWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Lynne MitchellWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Darren NixWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).
Jonathan GrafUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).ORCID 0000-0001-5204-9015
Kimberly E TaylorUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).ORCID 0000-0001-6848-9074
Salim ChahinWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-4115-4300
Matthew A CiorbaWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-7656-0982
Patricia KatzUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).
Mehrdad MatloubianUniversity of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (M.Y., A.B.C., E.G.D., D.P., N.P., J.G., K.E.T., P.K., M.M.).ORCID 0000-0001-6233-985X
Jane A O'HalloranWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0001-8265-9471
Rachel M PrestiWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-5469-0727
Gregory F WuWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-3588-0637
Sean P J WhelanWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-1564-8590
William J BuchserWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-6675-6359
Lianne S GenslerUniversity of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California (L.S.G., M.C.N.).ORCID 0000-0001-6314-5336
Mary C NakamuraUniversity of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California (L.S.G., M.C.N.).ORCID 0000-0001-8127-9426
Ali H EllebedyWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0002-6129-2532
Alfred H J KimWashington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri (P.D., W.K., M.A.P., A.A.E., A.H., K.H., B.K., M.J.L., Z.L., L.E.M., D.C.P., R.E.S., S.E.S., M.T., M.G., S.A., S.A., M.K., L.M., D.N., S.C., M.A.C., J.A.O., R.M.P., G.F.W., S.P.W., W.J.B., A.H.E., A.H.K.).ORCID 0000-0003-4074-0516
University of California, San Francisco · USSan Francisco VA Health Care System · US
Funding
WU INSTITUTE OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCESUL1TR002345 · NCATS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI William G. Powderly · 2017 to 2026
$97.8MRESOURCE-BASED CENTER FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF PRECISION MEDICINE IN RHEUMATOLOGYP30AR070155 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Mary C Nakamura · 2016 to 2026
$8.2MWashington University Rheumatic DiseasesResearch Resource-based CenterP30AR073752 · NIAMS · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI Christine T. Pham · 2018 to 2026
$7.6MAcademic Rheumatology and Clinical ImmunologyT32AR079068 · NIAMS · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI Jinoos Yazdany, JULIE ZIKHERMAN · 2021 to 2026
$2.5MNCATS NIH HHS UL1 TR002345NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR070155NIAMS NIH HHS P30 AR073752NIAMS NIH HHS T32 AR079068
Abstract
backgroundPatients with chronic inflammatory disease (CID) treated with immunosuppressive medications have increased risk for severe COVID-19. Although mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination provides protection in immunocompetent persons, immunogenicity in immunosuppressed patients with CID is unclear.
objectiveTo determine the immunogenicity of mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with CID.
designProspective observational cohort study.
settingTwo U.S. CID referral centers.
participantsVolunteer sample of adults with confirmed CID eligible for early COVID-19 vaccination, including hospital employees of any age and patients older than 65 years. Immunocompetent participants were recruited separately from hospital employees. All participants received 2 doses of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 between 10 December 2020 and 20 March 2021. Participants were assessed within 2 weeks before vaccination and 20 days after final vaccination. MEASUREMENTS: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) IgG
resultsMost of the 133 participants with CID (88.7%) and all 53 immunocompetent participants developed antibodies in response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, although some with CID developed numerically lower titers of anti-S IgG. Anti-S IgG antibody titers after vaccination were lower in participants with CID receiving glucocorticoids ( LIMITATIONS: Small sample that lacked demographic diversity, and residual confounding.
conclusionCompared with nonusers, patients with CID treated with glucocorticoids and BCDT seem to have lower SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody responses. These preliminary findings require confirmation in a larger study. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Marcus Program in Precision Medicine Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases.
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