ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2021
Passive surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire: Understanding prevalence, clinical symptoms and signs, and diagnostic test characteristics.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03356665 (Diagnostic Tools for Human African Trypanosomiasis Elimination and Clinical Trials), which is not on this map. Cited by 18 papers.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Diagnostic Tools for Human African Trypanosomiasis Elimination and Clinical Trials: WP2 Passive Case Detection
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Performance of clinical signs and symptoms, rapid and reference laboratory diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis by passive screening in Guinea: a prospective diagnostic accuracy study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2023Trial
- Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Bioline AbbottParasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Prospective evaluation of 2nd generation rapid diagnostic tests for the serological diagnosis of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Observational
- Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT): Epidemiology, Biological Diagnosis and Treatment: A Review.Acta parasitologica · 2025Review
- Passive surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: clinical presentation and prospective evaluation of rapid diagnostic and reference laboratory test accuracy.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Retrospective clinical performance evaluation of the Abbott Bioline HAT 2.0, a rapid diagnostic test for human African trypanosomiasis based on recombinant antigens.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025Article
- The STROGHAT study protocol: An intervention study to evaluate safety, effectiveness and feasibility of treating gambiense HAT seropositive subjects with acoziborole.Open research Europe · 2025Article
- Specificity of serological screening tests and reference laboratory tests to diagnose gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: a prospective clinical performance study.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2024Article
- The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Monitoring progress towards the 2021-2030 WHO road map targets.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
- Target product profile:Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2023Article
- Towards the sustainable elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in Côte d'Ivoire using an integrated approach.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Molecular epidemiological survey of pathogenic trypanosomes in naturally infected cattle in northern Côte d'ivoire.Parasites, hosts and diseases · 2023Article
- [Towards elimination of human African trypanosomiasis].Medecine tropicale et sante internationale · 2023Article
- Tsetse fly ecology and risk of transmission of African trypanosomes related to a protected forest area at a military base in the city of Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2023Article
- Two-Year Follow-Up ofDiagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: Achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Experimental evidence that immune trypanolysis using the LiTat 1.3 and LiTat 1.5 variant antigen types is not specific to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in pigs.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2022Article
- Monitoring the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the historical focus of Batié, South-West Burkina Faso.Parasite (Paris, France) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 6 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundLittle is known about the diagnostic performance of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for passive screening of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Côte d'Ivoire. We determined HAT prevalence among clinical suspects, identified clinical symptoms and signs associated with HAT RDT positivity, and assessed the diagnostic tests' specificity, positive predictive value and agreement.
methodsClinical suspects were screened with SD Bioline HAT, HAT Sero-K-Set and rHAT Sero-Strip. Seropositives were parasitologically examined, and their dried blood spots tested in trypanolysis, ELISA/Tbg, m18S-qPCR and LAMP. The HAT prevalence in the study population was calculated based on RDT positivity followed by parasitological confirmation. The association between clinical symptoms and signs and RDT positivity was determined using multivariable logistic regression. The tests' Positive Predictive Value (PPV), specificity and agreement were determined.
resultsOver 29 months, 3433 clinical suspects were tested. The RDT positivity rate was 2.83%, HAT prevalence 0.06%. Individuals with sleep disturbances (p<0.001), motor disorders (p = 0.002), convulsions (p = 0.02), severe weight loss (p = 0.02) or psychiatric problems (p = 0.04) had an increased odds (odds ratios 1.7-4.6) of being HAT RDT seropositive. Specificities ranged between 97.8%-99.6% for individual RDTs, and 93.3-98.9% for subsequent tests on dried blood spots. The PPV of the individual RDTs was below 14.3% (CI 2-43), increased to 33.3% (CI 4-78) for serial RDT combinations, and reached 67% for LAMP and ELISA/Tbg on RDT positives. Agreement between diagnostic tests was poor to moderate (Kappa ≤ 0.60), except for LAMP and ELISA/Tbg (Kappa = 0.66).
conclusionIdentification of five key clinical symptoms and signs may simplify referral for HAT RDT screening. The results confirm the appropriateness of the diagnostic algorithm presently applied, with screening by SD Bioline HAT or HAT Sero-K-Set, supplemented with trypanolysis. ELISA/Tbg could replace trypanolysis and is simpler to perform.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03356665.
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