ArticleJournal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD2021
Pre-Statistical Considerations for Harmonization of Cognitive Instruments: Harmonization of ARIC, CARDIA, CHS, FHS, MESA, and NOMAS.
Article in Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Education Levels and Poststroke Cognitive Trajectories.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Associations Between Vascular Risk Factor Levels and Cognitive Decline Among Stroke Survivors.JAMA network open · 2023Pooled it
- A study evaluation framework for measuring cognition: lessons learned in cross-national contexts from four English-speaking aging cohorts.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Alternative clinical trial designs to find a clinically important effect size of blood pressure-lowering on cognitive impairment and dementia.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Ischemic Stroke Incidence and Severity and Poststroke Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia.JAMA network open · 2026Article
- Longitudinal pattern of multimorbidity in older adult population: latent transition analysis in 34 countries.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Cognitive data harmonization across two racially diverse cohorts in the United States.Alzheimer's & dementia. Behavior & socioeconomics of aging · 2025Article
- Associations Between Stroke Type, Ischemic Stroke Subtypes, and Poststroke Cognitive Trajectories.Stroke · 2025Article
- Trajectory of Cognitive Function After Incident Heart Failure.Circulation. Heart failure · 2025Article
- Cumulative Systolic Blood Pressure and Incident Stroke Type Variation by Race and Ethnicity.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- Lifetime occupational skill and later-life cognitive function among older adults in the United States, Mexico, India, and South Africa.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Trajectory of Cognitive Function After Incident Heart Failure.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- How to assess cognitive decline when test administration changes across study waves? Harmonizing cognitive scores across waves in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reports · 2024Article
- Development and validation of the Michigan Chronic Disease Simulation Model (MICROSIM).PloS one · 2024Article
- Does education moderate gender disparities in later-life memory function? A cross-national comparison of harmonized cognitive assessment protocols in the United States and India.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2024Article
- Diet patterns associated with cognitive decline: methods to harmonize data from European and US cohort studies.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- Speech and language markers of neurodegeneration: a call for global equity.Brain : a journal of neurology · 2023Review
- Alzheimer's disease genetic risk and cognitive reserve in relationship to long-term cognitive trajectories among cognitively normal individuals.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2023Article
- A cultural neuropsychological approach to harmonization of cognitive data across culturally and linguistically diverse older adult populations.Neuropsychology · 2023Review
- Measurement fidelity of clinical assessment methods in a global study on identifying reproducible brain signatures of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Neuropsychology · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 9 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMeta-analyses of individuals' cognitive data are increasing to investigate the biomedical, lifestyle, and sociocultural factors that influence cognitive decline and dementia risk. Pre-statistical harmonization of cognitive instruments is a critical methodological step for accurate cognitive data harmonization, yet specific approaches for this process are unclear.
objectiveTo describe pre-statistical harmonization of cognitive instruments for an individual-level meta-analysis in the blood pressure and cognition (BP COG) study.
methodsWe identified cognitive instruments from six cohorts (the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, Cardiovascular Health Study, Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, Framingham Offspring Study, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, and Northern Manhattan Study) and conducted an extensive review of each item's administration and scoring procedures, and score distributions.
resultsWe included 153 cognitive instrument items from 34 instruments across the six cohorts. Of these items, 42%were common across ≥2 cohorts. 86%of common items showed differences across cohorts. We found administration, scoring, and coding differences for seemingly equivalent items. These differences corresponded to variability across cohorts in score distributions and ranges. We performed data augmentation to adjust for differences.
conclusionCross-cohort administration, scoring, and procedural differences for cognitive instruments are frequent and need to be assessed to address potential impact on meta-analyses and cognitive data interpretation. Detecting and accounting for these differences is critical for accurate attributions of cognitive health across cohort studies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.