Trial reportPsychiatry and clinical neurosciences2021
Cost-effectiveness analyses of augmented cognitive behavioral therapy for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression at secondary mental health care settings.
Trial report in Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cost-effectiveness of integrated behavioral health for depression, anxiety, and chronic pain.The American journal of managed care · 2026Article
- Existing Evidence from Economic Evaluations of Antimicrobial Resistance-A Systematic Literature Review.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Effectiveness of Psychological Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of personalized medicine · 2025Review
- Cost-effectiveness analysis of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in patients with anxiety disorders in secondary mental health care settings alongside a randomized controlled trial.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aimPharmacotherapy is the primary treatment strategy in major depression. However, two-thirds of patients remain depressed after the initial antidepressant treatment. Augmented cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression in primary mental health care settings proved effective and cost-effective. Although we reported the clinical effectiveness of augmented CBT in secondary mental health care, its cost-effectiveness has not been evaluated. Therefore, we aimed to compare the cost-effectiveness of augmented CBT adjunctive to treatment as usual (TAU) and TAU alone for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression at secondary mental health care settings.
methodsWe performed a cost-effectiveness analysis at 64 weeks, alongside a randomized controlled trial involving 80 patients who sought depression treatment at a university hospital and psychiatric hospital (one each). The cost-effectiveness was assessed by the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) that compared the difference in costs and quality-adjusted life years, and other clinical scales, between the groups.
resultsThe ICERs were JPY -15 278 322 and 2 026 865 for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression for all samples and those with moderate/severe symptoms at baseline, respectively. The acceptability curve demonstrates a 0.221 and 0.701 probability of the augmented CBT being cost-effective for all samples and moderate/severe depression, respectively, at the threshold of JPY 4.57 million (GBP 30 000). The sensitivity analysis supported the robustness of our results restricting for moderate/severe depression.
conclusionAugmented CBT for pharmacotherapy-resistant depression is not cost-effective for all samples including mild depression. In contrast, it appeared to be cost-effective for the patients currently manifesting moderate/severe symptoms under secondary mental health care.
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