ArticleBJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology2022
Trends in maternal mortality in India over two decades in nationally representative surveys.
Article in BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2022. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 219 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence of maternal mortality causes based on ICD-MM: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2023Pooled it
- Quality of antenatal care provision in rural villages of Satna district, Madhya Pradesh, India: a quantitative formative study to help the development of an evidence-based contextualized complex health intervention of the CHAMPION2 cluster randomized trial.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Trial
- A mobile messaging service for families on postnatal knowledge and practices: a cluster randomized trial, India.Bulletin of the World Health Organization · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Machine Learning Analysis of Maternal Mortality Determinants in Nigeria: An Exploratory Study.The International journal of health planning and management · 2026Article
- Spatial autocorrelation and regression approach for delineating maternal mortality and its associated factors in Karnataka, India.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Global and China burden of maternal sepsis and infections: a systematic global burden of disease 2021 analysis with projections to 2036.The Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association · 2026Article
- Clinical profile and outcomes of critically ill obstetric patients in the intensive care unit of a tertiary care center.World journal of critical care medicine · 2026Article
- Postnatal Care Utilisation Among Adolescent Mothers in India: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Study of NFHS-4 and NFHS-5.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Safeguarding maternal health against extreme heat in India: A policy analysis of state-level heat action plans.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Article
- Correlation of lipid profile, D-dimer, and insulin resistance among preeclamptic, gestational hypertensive, and healthy normal pregnant women: A comparative cross-sectional study at rural tertiary care centre.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2026Article
- A Prospective Observational Study of Maternal Near-Miss Cases at a Tertiary Care Center.Cureus · 2026Article
- Access and adherence to calcium supplementation among rural pregnant women and lactating mothers: findings from Chhattisgarh state of India.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Chat-Based Decision Support System for the Maternal Health Journey in Assam, India: Protocol for a Mixed Methods Multiphase Implementation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- District-level maternal and child health index in Uttar Pradesh: a GIS-based analysis using AHP-TOPSIS on NFHS-5 data.Primary health care research & development · 2026Article
- Same Average, Different Odds: Maternal-health Lessons for India from Rwanda and Peru.F1000Research · 2026Article
- Adolescent pregnancy in India: multilevel insights into distribution, determinants and socioeconomic inequalities.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- High-risk pregnancy identification and management through antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care: an implementation research study protocol.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
- Spatial inequalities in quality antenatal care in India: a district-level analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Postpartum integration of infant vaccines and contraception through gender transformative programming: A cluster randomized trial in India.PLOS global public health · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo assess national and regional trends and causes-specific distribution of maternal mortality in India.
designNationally representative cross-sectional surveys.
settingAll of India from 1997 to 2020. SAMPLE: About 10 000 maternal deaths among 4.3 million live births over two decades.
methodsWe analysed trends in the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) from 1997 through 2020, estimated absolute maternal deaths and examined the causes of maternal death using nationally representative data sources. We partitioned female deaths (aged 15-49 years) and live birth totals, based on the 2001-2014 Million Death Study to United Nations (UN) demographic totals for the country.
main outcome measuresMaternal mortality burden and distribution of causes.
resultsThe MMR declined in India by about 70% from 398/100 000 live births (95% CI 378-417) in 1997-98 to 99/100 000 (90-108) in 2020. About 1.30 million (95% CI 1.26-1.35 million) maternal deaths occurred between 1997 and 2020, with about 23 800 (95% CI 21 700-26 000) in 2020, with most occurring in poorer states (63%) and among women aged 20-29 years (58%). The MMRs for Assam (215), Uttar Pradesh/Uttarakhand (192) and Madhya Pradesh/Chhattisgarh (170) were highest, surpassing India's 2016-2018 estimate of 113 (95% CI 103-123). After adjustment for education and other variables, the risks of maternal death were highest in rural and tribal areas of north-eastern and northern states. The leading causes of maternal death were obstetric haemorrhage (47%; higher in poorer states), pregnancy-related infection (12%) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (7%).
conclusionsIndia could achieve the UN 2030 MMR goals if the average rate of reduction is maintained. However, without further intervention, the poorer states will not. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT: We estimated that 1.3 million Indian women died from maternal causes over the last two decades. Although maternal mortality rates have fallen by 70% overall, the poorer states lag behind.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.