SynthesisDiabetologia2021
Racial differences in all-cause mortality and future complications among people with diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of data from more than 2.4 million individuals.
Synthesis in Diabetologia, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 6 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 6 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 35 citations in OpenAlex.
- Evidence-Based Practice in Prescribing SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA Across Ethnic and Racial Groups: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Life expectancy in individuals with type 1, type 2 diabetes and without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Pooled it
- Type 2 diabetes complications in ethnic minority compared with European host populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Pooled it
- The Role of Social Determinants of Health in Cardiovascular Diseases: An Umbrella Review.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Pooled it
- Racial discrimination and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and Hypoglycemia Profile of Once-weekly Insulin Icodec vs Once-daily Comparators Across Demographic Subgroups.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Trial
- Diabetes and Suicide Risk Among Black Males, Including Sexual Minority Males: A Narrative Review With Primary Care Implications.Current diabetes reports · 2026Review
- Article
- Nonmedical Factors That Influence Diabetes Complications and Multilevel Strategies to Reduce Disparities and Improve Outcomes in the U.S.Diabetes care · 2026Article
- Review
- An iterative mindset approach as an adjunct to the national diabetes prevention program: a randomized trial assessing retention, engagement and weight loss.BMC digital health · 2026Article
- Sex- and strain-differential plasma proteomic signatures in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Glycemic Control and Prostate Cancer Mortality Risk in Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.Cancer research communications · 2025Article
- Child Opportunity Index: Does It Foretell Future Glycemic Control and Health Care Utilization in Youth With Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes?Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association · 2025Article
- Diabetes in migrant communities: a rising healthcare priority.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2025Article
- Disparities in Diabetes Distress and Nutrition Management Among Black and Hispanic Adults: A Mixed Methods Exploration of Social Determinants.The science of diabetes self-management and care · 2025Article
- Identification of atypical pediatric diabetes mellitus cases using electronic medical records.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Ethnic Disparities in the Risk Factors, Morbidity, and Mortality of Cardiovascular Disease in People With Diabetes.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2024Review
- The role of structural racism and geographical inequity in diabetes outcomes.Lancet (London, England) · 2023Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
aims/hypothesisThe aim of this work was to quantify racial/ethnic differences in risk for future diabetic complications and all-cause mortality by performing a meta-analysis of prospective studies.
methodsA systematic search in PubMed and EMBASE was performed from inception to May 2021. Prospective cohort studies that reported HRs and associated 95% CIs of diabetes complications and all-cause mortality among racial/ethnic groups, with White people as the reference group, were included. Study characteristics and HR estimates were extracted from each study. Estimates were pooled using random-effects inverse-variance model with the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman variance estimator.
resultsA total of 23 studies were included, comprising 2,416,516 individuals diagnosed with diabetes (White 59.3%, Black 11.2%, Asian 1.3%, Hispanic-American 2.4%, Native American 0.2%, East Asian 1.9%, South Asian 0.8%, Pacific Islander 2.3%, Māori 2.4% and others 18.2%). Compared with White individuals with diabetes, individuals of Māori ethnicity were at higher risk for all-cause mortality (HR 1.88 [95% CI 1.61, 2.21]; I CONCLUSIONS/
interpretationRacial/ethnic differences exist in the risk for future diabetic complications and all-cause mortality. Our results support the use of such categories for international diabetes clinical guideline recommendations until better predictors become available. Efforts to identify high-risk groups and to better control cardiovascular risk factors across ethnically diverse populations are therefore needed. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration ID CRD42021239274.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.