ArticleParasites & vectors2021
Risk of dementia in patients with toxoplasmosis: a nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of long-term antibiotic use on cognitive outcomes.Scientific reports · 2024Pooled it
- Pathogens Association with Alzheimer Disease: Emerging Concepts and New Perspectives.Current gene therapy · 2026Review
- Article
- Gaps in dementia knowledge: a nationwide study of public awareness and misconceptions in Bulgaria.Psychogeriatrics : the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society · 2025Article
- Infectious Disease as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Toxoplasma gondii Infection of Alzheimer's Disease Mice Reduces Brain Amyloid Density Globally and Regionally.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Article
- Sensory Dysfunction, Microbial Infections, and Host Responses in Alzheimer's Disease.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2024Review
- Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2024Review
- Role of 14-3-3 protein family in the pathobiology of EBV in immortalized B cells and Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2024Article
- A parasite odyssey: An RNA virus concealed inVirus evolution · 2024Article
- Autonomic modulation and the risk of dementia in a middle-aged cohort: A 17-year follow-up study.Biomedical journal · 2023Article
- Latent toxoplasmosis impairs learning and memory yet strengthens short-term and long-term hippocampal synaptic plasticity at perforant pathway-dentate gyrus, and Schaffer collatterals-CA1 synapses.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- The Defensive Interactions of Prominent Infectious Protozoan Parasites: The Host's Complement System.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Four Chemotherapeutic Compounds That Limit Blood-Brain-Barrier Invasion byMolecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundApproximately 25-30% of individuals worldwide are infected with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which is difficult to detect in its latent state. We aimed to evaluate the association between toxoplasmosis, the risk of dementia, and the effects of antibiotics in Taiwan.
methodsThis nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database containing the records of 2 million individuals retrieved from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. Fine-Gray competing risk analysis was used to determine the risk for the development of dementia in the toxoplasmosis cohort relative to the non-toxoplasmosis cohort. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted. The effects of antibiotics (sulfadiazine or clindamycin) on the risk of dementia were also analyzed.
resultsWe enrolled a total of 800 subjects, and identified 200 patients with toxoplasmosis and 600 sex- and age-matched controls without toxoplasmosis infection in a ratio of 1:3, selected between 2000 and 2015. The crude hazard ratio (HR) of the risk of developing dementia was 2.570 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.511-4.347, P < 0.001]. After adjusting for sex, age, monthly insurance premiums, urbanization level, geographical region, and comorbidities, the adjusted HR was 2.878 (95% CI = 1.709-4.968, P < 0.001). Sensitivity analysis revealed that toxoplasmosis was associated with the risk of dementia even after excluding diagnosis in the first year and the first 5 years. The usage of sulfadiazine or clindamycin in the treatment of toxoplasmosis was associated with a decreased risk of dementia.
conclusionsThis finding supports the evidence that toxoplasmosis is associated with dementia and that antibiotic treatment against toxoplasmosis is associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Further studies are necessary to explore the underlying mechanisms of these associations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.