ArticleBMC cancer2021
The landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in advanced lung cancer.
Article in BMC cancer, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 25 citations in OpenAlex.
- Real-World Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review of Comparative Cohort Studies.Current oncology reports · 2026Pooled it
- Cardiovascular toxicity induced by immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Association between sex and outcomes in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer receiving combination chemoimmunotherapy as a first-line therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.European journal of medical research · 2022Pooled it
- Risk of Neurological Adverse Events Between PD-L1 and PD-1 Inhibitors in South Korean Patients with Lung Cancer: A Target Trial Emulation Framework.Clinical drug investigation · 2026Article
- CT-based deep foundation model for predicting immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced pneumonitis risk in lung cancer.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Health care use and costs associated with clinically impactful immune-related adverse events during immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for non-small cell lung cancer.Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy · 2026Article
- Impact of geriatric impairments on outcomes of single-agent immunotherapy in solid tumors.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Relationship between immune-related adverse events and treatment outcome of immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a retrospective cohort study.Journal of thoracic disease · 2026Article
- Risk Factors and Survival Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2026Article
- Checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer: a cohort study with transcriptomic analysis of inflammatory mechanisms.BMC pulmonary medicine · 2025Article
- China Protocol for early screening, precise diagnosis, and individualized treatment of lung cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Review
- Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Lung Cancer: Origins, Functional Heterogeneity, and Therapeutic Implications.Journal of inflammation research · 2025Review
- Article
- Effect of Bone Metastasis Cancer Board on Spinal Surgery Outcomes: A Retrospective Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Predicting response and toxicity to immune checkpoint inhibitors in lung cancer using antibodies to frameshift neoantigens.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- The Importance of the Immune System and Molecular Cell Signaling Pathways in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Lung Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Advances in the Lung Cancer Immunotherapy Approaches.Vaccines · 2022Review
- Identification of natural compounds tubercidin and lycorine HCl against small-cell lung cancer and BCAT1 as a therapeutic target.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy has resulted in significant survival benefits in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without increasing toxicity. However, the utilisation of immunotherapy for small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) remains unclear, with a scarcity of systematic comparisons of therapeutic effects and safety of immunotherapy in these two major lung cancer subtypes. Herein, we aimed to provide a comprehensive landscape of immunotherapy and systematically review its specific efficacy and safety in advanced lung cancer, accounting for histological types.
methodsWe identified studies assessing immunotherapy for lung cancer with predefined endpoints, including overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and treatment-related adverse events (TRAE), from PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane library. A random-effects or fixed-effect model was adopted according to different settings.
resultsOverall, 38 trials with 20,173 patients with lung cancer were included in this study. ICI therapy resulted in a significantly prolonged survival in both patients with NSCLC and SCLC when compared with chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-0.79] and [HR = 0.82; 95% CI, 0.75-0.90], respectively). The magnitude of disease control and survival benefits appeared superior with ICI plus standard of care (SOC) when compared with SOC alone. OS and PFS advantages were observed only when immunotherapy was employed as the first-line treatment in patients with SCLC.
conclusionICI therapy is a promising therapeutic option in patients with NSCLC and SCLC. ICI plus SOC can be recommended as the optimal first-line treatment for patients with SCLC, and double-target ICIs combined with SOC are recommended in patients with NSCLC as both the first and subsequent lines of treatment. Additionally, non-first-line immunotherapy is not recommended in patients with SCLC.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.