ArticleExperimental brain research2021
Cortical preparatory activity during motor learning reflects visuomotor retention deficits after punishment feedback.
Article in Experimental brain research, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Wearable Wireless EMG Sensors for Monitoring Post-Error Neuromuscular Responses During a Sport-Specific Inhibitory Control Task.Biosensors · 2026Article
- Anxiety disorders alter cognitive-motor integration during visuomotor adaptation and retention.Experimental brain research · 2026Article
- Motor related potential amplitude and latency shifts with repetitive task execution as an indication of motor adaptation.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Comparison of sequential data analysis and functional data analysis for locomotor adaptation.PloS one · 2025Article
- Meta-learning of human motor adaptation via the dorsal premotor cortex.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Punishment Leads to Greater Sensorimotor Learning But Less Movement Variability Compared to Reward.Neuroscience · 2024Article
- Reinforcement feedback impairs locomotor adaptation and retention.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
- The effects of reward and punishment on the performance of ping-pong ball bouncing.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that reinforcement-based motor learning requires the brain to process feedback-related information after movement execution. However, whether reinforcement feedback changes how the brain processes motor preparation before movement execution is unclear. By using electroencephalography (EEG), this study investigates whether reinforcement feedback changes cortical preparatory activity to modulate motor learning and memory. Human subjects were divided in three groups [reward, punishment, control] to perform a visuomotor rotation task under different conditions that assess adaptation (learning) and retention (memory) during the task. Reinforcement feedback was provided in the form of points after each trial that signaled monetary gains (reward) or losses (punishment). EEG was utilized to evaluate the amplitude of movement readiness potentials (MRPs) at the beginning of each trial for each group during the adaptation and retention conditions of the task. The results show that punishment feedback significantly decreased MRPs amplitude during both task conditions compared to Reward and Control groups. Moreover, the punishment-related decrease in MRPs amplitude paralleled decreases in motor performance during the retention but not the adaptation condition. No changes in MRPs or motor performance were observed in the Reward group. These results support the idea that reinforcement feedback modulates motor preparation and suggest that changes in cortical preparatory activity contribute to the visuomotor retention deficits observed after punishment feedback.
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