ReviewViruses2021
Equine Influenza Virus and Vaccines.
Review in Viruses, 2021. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 29 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 63 citations in OpenAlex.
- Increase in H5N1 vaccine antibodies confers cross-neutralization of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1.Nature communications · 2025Trial
- Pre-existing and cross-reactive immunity to avian influenza H5N1 in humans: Implications for pandemic risk and vaccine strategies.The Journal of infection · 2026Review
- Avian Influenza Viruses: Global Panzootic, Host Range Expansion and Emerging One-Health Threats.Veterinary sciences · 2026Review
- Cases of Interspecies Transmission of Influenza A Virus from Swine to Humans.Veterinary sciences · 2025Review
- Seroprevalence of Equine Influenza Virus Antibodies in Horses from Four Localities in Colombia.Viruses · 2025Article
- Growth properties of recombinant equine influenza viruses with different backbones generated by reverse genetics in embryonated chicken eggs.Archives of virology · 2025Article
- Equine Influenza: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Prevention and Control.Viruses · 2025Review
- Neutralization potency of the 2023-24 seasonal influenza vaccine against circulating influenza H3N2 strains.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Article
- First Molecular Detection and Epidemiological Analysis of Equine Influenza Virus in Two Regions of Colombia, 2020-2023.Viruses · 2024Article
- Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018.Veterinary research · 2024Article
- First Reported Circulation of Equine Influenza H3N8 Florida Clade 1 Virus in Horses in Italy.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2024Article
- Influenza in feral cat populations: insights from a study in North-East Italy.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2024Article
- Expression of recombinant Florida clade 2 hemagglutinin in baculovirus expression system: A step for subunit vaccine development against H3N8 equine influenza virus.Open veterinary journal · 2024Article
- Assessment of Equine Influenza Virus Status in the Republic of Korea from 2020 to 2022.Viruses · 2023Article
- Evaluation of a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identifying H3 equine influenza virus in Kazakhstan.Veterinary world · 2023Article
- Controlled Lipid Self-Assembly for Scalable Manufacturing of Next-Generation Immune Stimulating Complexes.Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996) · 2023Article
- Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans.Viruses · 2023Review
- An inventory of adjuvants used for vaccination in horses: the past, the present and the future.Veterinary research · 2023Review
- The Antiviral Activity of Equine Mx1 against Thogoto Virus Is Determined by the Molecular Structure of Its Viral Specificity Region.Journal of virology · 2023Article
- Voluntary Surveillance Program for Equine Influenza Virus in the United States during 2008-2021.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a constantly evolving viral pathogen that is responsible for yearly outbreaks of respiratory disease in horses termed equine influenza (EI). There is currently no evidence of circulation of the original H7N7 strain of EIV worldwide; however, the EIV H3N8 strain, which was first isolated in the early 1960s, remains a major threat to most of the world's horse populations. It can also infect dogs. The ability of EIV to constantly accumulate mutations in its antibody-binding sites enables it to evade host protective immunity, making it a successful viral pathogen. Clinical and virological protection against EIV is achieved by stimulation of strong cellular and humoral immunity in vaccinated horses. However, despite EI vaccine updates over the years, EIV remains relevant, because the protective effects of vaccines decay and permit subclinical infections that facilitate transmission into susceptible populations. In this review, we describe how the evolution of EIV drives repeated EI outbreaks even in horse populations with supposedly high vaccination coverage. Next, we discuss the approaches employed to develop efficacious EI vaccines for commercial use and the existing system for recommendations on updating vaccines based on available clinical and virological data to improve protective immunity in vaccinated horse populations. Understanding how EIV biology can be better harnessed to improve EI vaccines is central to controlling EI.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.